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Oct 20, 2024
9-4b2b The evolution of ideas (memes) is somewhat intentional, whereas that of genes are random AND cannot be rejected
- develop
Oct 20, 2024
10-2f1 Chomsky’s UG approach only looks at a subset (syntax) of a subset (language) of the whole (communication system — ‘the gestalt’). Syntax is only secondary to conversation.
- develop
Oct 19, 2024
10-2g1e What sets humans apart is our ability to accumulate knowledge by means of language
Oct 19, 2024
10-2g1f2c It's as though everything from culture-grammar-symbol-DNA-brain evolved so that high accuracy correspondences were made easier to achieve
Oct 19, 2024
4-1a4b5c1 松岡正剛 - われわれは複数の情報生命複合体。意識はそこから突起する文法的な主語のようなもの。
Oct 19, 2024
There is no universal perception
Oct 19, 2024
意識は推論そのもの
- develop
Oct 15, 2024
2-1c1a1 Companies will outsource everything that isn’t their value proposition. To build successful B2B company, simply be the outsource.
Oct 15, 2024
3-1c2e 情報は関係性の中にある - Meaning is often in relation to other things
- develop
Oct 15, 2024
9-2b3b1 Contingency = Meaning (or, contingency implies meaning)
- develop
Oct 15, 2024
9-2b3b2 We have meaning because we are free
Oct 06, 2024
1-1a5b3.1 What counts is the payoff from success—and not how often you are right
- develop
Oct 06, 2024
1-2g2q1 Science is about independent replication. Only trust as scientific truth what can be independently verified-replicated.
Oct 06, 2024
3-1c2e0 There is no minimum idea
- develop
- Ayache
Oct 06, 2024
3-1c2e1 Connecting-relating ideas is a way of creating knowledge
- develop
Sep 29, 2024
3-1c3c Keep each ideas separately, because there is nothing absolute and necessary in the connections I make between them
- develop
Sep 21, 2024
1-1a5b3 Ship at least every month. Scope down until you have no excuse not to ship. Being output-project-oriented means being payoff-oriented.
Sep 21, 2024
12-1e3 There is no should in nature
Sep 21, 2024
7-1a2a1.1 'Scale' - Anything that scaled started small, at the edge, at the frontier, as an avant-garde
- develop
Sep 19, 2024
4-1a4b2b3 Time will tell because time can de-contextualize seeming necessities
Sep 15, 2024
3-1d6c Amara’s law modified - we underestimate the importance of consistency in the short-run, but overestimate in the long-run
Sep 15, 2024
3-1d6c1 The marginal cost of doing something wrong 'just this once' always seems alluringly low
Sep 15, 2024
Don't make the difficulty-rewards relationship a simple straight line
- develop
Sep 15, 2024
RUL3 - Finish what you start, because the best work often happens in what was meant to be the final stage
- develop
Sep 13, 2024
5-1b1b1a3 Network effects (digital) ＞ Supply and demand (physical)
- develop
Sep 13, 2024
6-8 Train your weakest link
Sep 13, 2024
RUL3 - Run upstairs. Choose the difficult terrain like guerillas.
Sep 10, 2024
1-2f1a3b Philosophy without science is “empty ideas”
Sep 10, 2024
9-4c1 If you can't write about it, you can't code it. If you can't program it, you don't understand it.
Sep 06, 2024
3-1b1b1 No learning without doing; specifically, no learning without cultural doing
Aug 31, 2024
1-1a5b4.3 build-launch-measure-learn and iterate - don't restart
Aug 31, 2024
1-1a5b4.4 Real-time calibration (i.e., recalibration) lets you adapt to the changing landscape
- develop
- Ayache
Aug 31, 2024
7-1a2a1.1 Look for two-step-aheaders, instead of people many steps ahead of you
Aug 31, 2024
9-4b2a1d0.3 The essence of analysis is articulation - 分析の本質は分節
Aug 30, 2024
4-1a4b6 You write to forget. And when your mind forget something, it’ll have a space for another configuration of ideas
Aug 30, 2024
4-1a4b6a When you write down, you are helping yourself both now and in the future
- FutureSelf
Aug 30, 2024
9-2b1.2 Marshall McLuhan - 'It is the medium itself that is the message, not the content'
- develop
Aug 29, 2024
1-1 Our mind can constrain itself (i.e., why you need proper epistemology)
Aug 29, 2024
1-1a2e4 Cultures precede languages
Aug 26, 2024
5-1b1b2b Don't try to be the best. Be the only.
Aug 26, 2024
2-1c1b 'Two-front war' - Deal with it effectively by knowing your priority. Use it effectively against those whose priorities are vague.
- MentalModelsMilitaryAndWar
Aug 26, 2024
3-1c2b Conjecturing the relative importance of such problems-projects is also essential
Aug 26, 2024
4-1a3 Each conversation has to end either a success or a failure, you have to zone-in when you are ‘friend-zoned’
- develop
Aug 26, 2024
9-2a0 The Identity Stack - To build something great means becoming someone's top primary identifier
- develop
Aug 26, 2024
RUL3 - Always be ready to face the ultimate choice. Know what's important for you. Eliminate ambiguity.
Aug 26, 2024
RUL3 - List ⇒ Rank ⇒ Iterate
Aug 26, 2024
5-1b1b1a4.1 ゲーム = ゲーム性 (駆け引き) ＋操作性＋物語性＋再現性＋世界観＋クラフト系＋音ゲー＋スポーツ
Aug 16, 2024
10-2g1f2a1 The question is what's the brain in NOT what’s in the brain
- develop
- Naval
Aug 16, 2024
2-1a0c1b You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems.
Aug 16, 2024
2-1b3a1 Narrow it down so you can have a chance to build your own moat
Aug 16, 2024
4-1a4b6a0.4 Bill Gates - 'No matter how much money you have, you can’t buy more time. There are only 24 hours in everyone’s day' (Time ≠ Money)
- develop
Aug 16, 2024
6-1b You either have to realign the incentives of capitalist entities you are outsourcing your health, or you have to take care of yourself
- incentives
Aug 16, 2024
Deconstruct, then reconstruct
Aug 16, 2024
11-1a Start from what you know
Aug 16, 2024
11-1c When investing, you have to address your problem. You have to hedge your risk.
Aug 16, 2024
4-1a4b2d 'Tendency to want to do something' - Don't get paid for work, but for being right.
- develop
Aug 16, 2024
7-1b4b0.1 Technologists are those who lead with technologies, and less with heart
- develop
Aug 16, 2024
7-1f Developing in anticipation of development cost cheapening is a form of investment
Aug 16, 2024
9-4b3e3e 'Friction and viscosity' - Give THE problem as much attention as possible. Better UI-UX often can make innovation possible because users benefit from cognitive offload.
Aug 15, 2024
11-1d There is no objective risk
Aug 15, 2024
12-1e Nothing is necessary = Everything is contingent
Aug 15, 2024
12-1e1 There are no permanent solutions in a dynamic system
Aug 15, 2024
12-1e2 There is no objective happiness
Aug 15, 2024
4-1a4b2b Being reactive is like being analog in the heat of the moment
- develop
- FutureSelf
Aug 15, 2024
5-1b1b1a1b Not every relationships matter. Most likely, only a few matter.
Aug 14, 2024
1-1a2e8a We see symbolically and not otherwise
Aug 14, 2024
2-1a1a1a 'Self-preservation' - Don't trigger your biological defaults (defense mode)
- MentalModelsBiology
Aug 14, 2024
7-1b2b You can help explicating problems others have inexplicitly or unconsciously
Aug 14, 2024
8-1c2a What matters is the creativity per se, because non-creative parts will be made easier
- develop
- composability
Aug 12, 2024
2-1b2b 'Second-order thinking' - Solve the root cause of a problem (prevention) and not symptoms. Be smart-lazy.
Aug 12, 2024
2-3b 'Leverage' - The effort put in and its utility-results doesn't have to correlate at all. Use this to your advantage.
- MentalModelsPhysicsAndChem
Aug 12, 2024
RUL3 - “Staying Upwind” - don’t plan too much; instead, work on ambitious projects and flow to the most interesting that gives you the best options for the future
Aug 07, 2024
4-1a4b2a1 忘却を促進することで、人為的な古典化を起こす。
Aug 07, 2024
7-1a Create something you would want for yourself, and never for some imaginary audience
Aug 07, 2024
The essence of writing is rewriting
Aug 06, 2024
2-1b2b0 Judgment is knowing the long-term consequences of your actions
Aug 06, 2024
2-1b2b0.1 Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.
Aug 06, 2024
2-1b2b0.1a Prioritize upstream productivity
Aug 06, 2024
2-1b2b0.2 Focus on the 'what is' before deciding 'what to do' about it
- develop
Aug 06, 2024
3-1c2e3.1 It’s symbols all the way down
Aug 06, 2024
3-1c2e3.2 Not all symbols are explicit
Aug 06, 2024
4-1a5a If you properly set up the conversation you only need a handful of conversations for insights (e.g., via client slicing and segmentation)
- TheMomTest
Aug 06, 2024
5-1b1a4b The extreme version of the two-job route is dangerous, because you postpone the abductions
Aug 06, 2024
5-1b1d1 Not investing is also a form of investing
Aug 06, 2024
5-1b4c2a When you have an agency, you don't get depleted. We aren't powered by a battery.
Aug 06, 2024
9-1b1a It almost never happens that two minds hold precisely the same idea
Aug 06, 2024
9-4b2a1d1.1 Inexperienced people can have great ideas too, sometimes far better ones than more experienced people
Aug 06, 2024
9-4b2a1d1.2 You can let the tech decide, but ideas and visions often can shape the tech
Aug 05, 2024
2-1b2c1 Knowing your sustainable growth is the key to consistency. Do not depend on will power.
Aug 05, 2024
1-1c5 Surprises are the doors to revealing the inexplicit and the unconscious
Aug 05, 2024
2-1a6b 'Pavlovian association' & 'Social proof' - Understand the arbitrary association formed within your culture. There are no pure indexes for humans.
- MentalModelsPsychology
Aug 05, 2024
2-1a6b1 Animals can extrapolate—but can never realize its contingencies
Aug 03, 2024
1-1a5b4.3a Pick iterable projects (for you)
Aug 03, 2024
7-1b4d Don't be proud of being 'too early' because it's easy to be 'too early' if your tech knowledge is naive
Aug 03, 2024
7-1b4e What you can ＞ What you want (できること＞やりたいこと)
Aug 03, 2024
2-1a1a3d 'Relative satisfaction (or misery) tendencies' - Your average five is important, and you can spend time with the best of the best with internet
Aug 03, 2024
2-1a1a3e There’s no objective average
Aug 03, 2024
2-1a3.1 'Feedback loops' - Iterate. The more and quicker the better.
- develop
Aug 03, 2024
2-1a3.3 負もフィードバックする (Feedback loops work both ways)
Aug 03, 2024
2-1a6c5 'Randomness' is the opportunity to reason abductively
- multiverse
Aug 03, 2024
2-1b2b2.1 Life is a multiplicative game—take advantage of network effects but avoid the risk of ruin
Aug 03, 2024
5-1b4c1b You can easily replace the self-discipline with the four laws of habit formation - (1) make it obvious, (2) make it attractive, (3) make it easy, and (4) make it satisfying
Aug 03, 2024
6-3b When you own something, you have an incentive to invest in it
Aug 03, 2024
3-1a4a 歴史において、世界史・日本史といった区別は客観的に存在しない
- categories
Aug 01, 2024
1-2g3 The sphere of comprehensibility expands infinitely
- develop
Aug 01, 2024
1-2g3.1 It’s explanations all the way down
Aug 01, 2024
3-1c2e3 Infinite semiosis - 'There is no beginning or end to symbols because it is recursive'
- develop
Jul 31, 2024
10-2g1 Culture is an implicit theory for its members. It dictates what to look at and how they reason about the world.
Jul 31, 2024
10-2g1.1 Experience to theory over theory to experience—the latter theory is harder to get it off because it shapes your experience
Jul 31, 2024
2-1a4 'Language instinct' - Language can't exhaust mind
- categories
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 31, 2024
2-1b2b2 'Multiplying by zero' - Be risk-prone but avoid ruin at all cost
- MentalModelsNumeracy
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b1 Invest in preparedness. Be redundant and resourceful in every aspect. Minimize opportunity cost to achieve great things.
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b1.1 Redundancy over premature optimization—especially against Black Swans
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b2 Don’t invest in prediction, because knowledge is inherently unpredictable
- develop
- Universality
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b2.1 Don’t invest in prediction, because the Black Swan is inherently unpredictable
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b2.2 There is no objective Black Swan
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b2.3 Don’t be the turkey—the Black Swan is the Grey Swan depending on your perspective
Jul 31, 2024
9-3a Luck-Skill dichotomy is at best arbitrary. We can train our ability to create ‘luck’.
- develop
- categories
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b1b1 Become good at multiple things rather than being super good at one specific thing (the former is both easier and effective)
- categories
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b1b3 Productize yourself (as an embodiment of reality)
- Naval
Jul 31, 2024
5-1b4b3 Time beats timing
- develop
- FutureSelf
Jul 30, 2024
6-3a2 How you have something can (and will) matter more than what (you think) you have (e.g., DEX vs CEX - DEX will counter Maximalists movement)
- own
- develop
Jul 30, 2024
6-3a2.1 How you achieve something matters as much as what you achieve
Jul 30, 2024
You are both what you write and how you write
Jul 28, 2024
2-1b3a 'Circle of competence' & 'Niches' - Build a moat. Thrive in where you can.
- MentalModelsGeneral
- MentalModelsBiology
Jul 28, 2024
8-2d1a SNSのテーマは統一したほうがいい。応援してくれる遠い人や知らない人を増やす。みんなが知りたくて知らないものと知りたくて知っているものに特化すること。
- develop
Jul 27, 2024
3-1c2 Write down your problems
Jul 25, 2024
3-1c1b0 You are what you consume (read)
Jul 25, 2024
3-1c1b1 You are also how you consume
Jul 25, 2024
12-1a2b Crypto is the new 'nation' that can take over the US
Jul 24, 2024
1-1c4a Because you will be and want to be mistaken, by default you should be long optionality
Jul 24, 2024
1-1c4b You always have to solve problems, including the problem of what problems to solve
Jul 24, 2024
2-1a6c1a 'First-conclusion bias' - Separate the problem-defining phase of the decision-making process form the problem-solving phase
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 24, 2024
3-1 Start with problems
Jul 24, 2024
3-1c3 Write down anything with intent to use them in the future, because you won’t be able to do away with solving problems
Jul 24, 2024
7-1b4c Don’t go looking for ‘great ideas’ without technology. Ideas are great insofar as they address problems. In other words, great ideas have to contribute to solving problems one way or another (and that often involves using technology)
Jul 24, 2024
RUL3 - Love bad news. Always question to falsify your idea and theory. Invalidate ASAP. How fast you can invalidate matters as much as how fast you can build them. Rule out bad explanations.
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a Culture and technology can influence our perception of what human mind is — explicitly, inexplicitly, and unconsciously
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1 We don’t necessarily have to think hierarchically (i.e., in files and folders)
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1.1 More precisely, we think hierarchically but it's dynamic and subject to change
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1a Our mind is not necessarily composed linearly or hierarchically. It could be a connected web of nodes and reflexive.
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1a1 Ability to think recursively allows such thing as categorization of tasks into sub-tasks. Recursion is a property of thought (and not language per se).
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1b The mind includes inexplicit as well as unconscious
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1b1 Joel Gold - The conscious mind is only a small fraction of the mental world much like the visible aspect of the universe
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1c Don’t let your conceptions constrain the mind
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a1c1 Peirce said his achievements were due to his peculiar way of thinking as well as his method of thinking
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2 Our mind is flexible
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a There is no human nature if by this we mean a kind of a priori knowledge common to all and only to humans
- Buddhism
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a1 Human nature is variable (Cultures ⇒ Flexible human brains ⇒ Variable dark matters ⇒ Variable 'human natures' ⇒ Cultures . . .)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a2 The inexplicit and unconscious is also NOT innately structured
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a3 Everett on Freud - No earlier theory made more lively use of the notion of innate, a priori dark matter
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a4 The flexibility of humans are found particularly in the tacit knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2a5 Overt knowledge can be found inside and outside our brains (e.g., Wikipedia), but dark matter is found only within the individual
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2b Everett on Kant - His notion of categories is best translated into an inborn ability of humans to generalize and learn by any means. Humans are born to be learners. Individual humans have innate capacities to adjust to the world.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2c Everett on Aristotle - He is responsible for the characterization of the mind as a blank slate ('Mind is in a sense potentially whatever is thinkable, though actually it is nothing until it has thought')
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2d An innate capacity to learn ≠ Specific ('parochial') knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2d1 The Turing principle allows 'learning' to take place, but it doesn't care how
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e The mind is universal, that means domain specific genes are unlikely
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e1 Nothing in the body is dedicated to language. Gene ≠ Language. Culture ⇒ Language.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e10 There is no such thing as objective meaning
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e2 Languages are not innate to humans
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e3 Cultures are evolution’s ultimate solution to the problem of providing adaptive flexibility
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e4a 言い換え = Making sense in your own world, that is, in your own language and in your own web of ideas
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e4b Naval - 'Enlightenment is in between your thoughts, in understanding why you are having such thoughts'
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e5 Cultures nurture minds
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e5.1 Mind without culture is grammar without letters
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e6 Culturing and social acting (along with languaging) ⇒ Our actions, beliefs, desires, values, and self
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e6a The dark matter of mind is multilayered, differentially manifested, and variously derived from the experiences of living
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7 Culture is the individual dark matter acquired from culturing, social acting, languaging
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7 Dark matter both help and impede our perception of the world
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7a Apperceptions = The ways by which we process, make sense of, and assimilate our experiences
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7b You need some form of constraints to see anything
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7c You can't help being cultural, but you don't have to commit to any specific culture
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7d 文化とは生きること・生きることは情報文化にかかわること
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7d1 To live = To live culturally = To live economically
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e7e 文化とは多様性を克服した情報モード
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e8 'Seeing' really occurs after going through (or together with) emicization
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e9 Emic vision = Interpreting what you are seeing as symbols
- Synechism
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e9a Culture defines the Black Swan
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e9b When 'properly' emicized by the culture, we see what's not there and can not see what's there
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e9c Culture is technology
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2e9d Technology is culture
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a2f You are redundant if you are flexible and (close to being) universal - that is, composable and interoperable
- Universality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a3 We repeatedly update our theories, including theories about how the mind works, and keep making sense of the world
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4 We don’t just take in ‘new things’ into our mind; at the same time, we recalibrate the framework with which such new inputs can be processed.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4a If you don’t recalibrate your framework, ‘contradictions’ will surely pile up
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4a1 Regime-switching model implemented Popperian epistemology to trade financial derivatives
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b This is why you can’t cope with the reality solely via induction or deduction
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b0 Deduction can't generate knowledge.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b0a Induction can't generate (or more precisely, create) knowledge.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b0b According to Peirce, mathematics precedes all other fields of study, and only studies imbued with a strong mathematical foundation were worthy of the label ‘science’. Mathematics cannot be derived from logic.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b1 You either have to ignore them as irrelevant or consider them as problems to be solved
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4b2 Problems arise only when you reason via abduction
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4c If you assume the possible existence of the ‘ultimate’ theory, you’d be assuming a meaningless (zero-freedom) world
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4c1 Emergence is another beginning of infinity. Knowledge is based on and consists of emergent phenomena.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4c2 The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a4d Nothing can be explained only in terms of itself
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5 We always reason abductively
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5a A real essay doesn’t take a position and then defend it (deductive). It starts with a question (abductive), in trying to figure something out.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5a1 The process of argument starts in the middle, and doesn’t start with axioms and end with the conclusion
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5a2 Good writing happens at the edge of explicit-inexplicit or explicit-unconscious — that is, via surprises.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b Real thought is full of false starts
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b1 Unpublished essays and deleted sentences are like experiments that get inconclusive results
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b2 Launch means criticism. It’s an equivalent to experimental testing in science.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b2.1 Be very mindful of where you 'experiment'; one of the most important decisions you can make is who you get feedbacks from (as well as ask questions of)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b4 'Release early and often, delegate everything you can, be open to the point of promiscuity'
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b4.1 Shipping early means cognitive offload means key moment
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b4.2 GTFOL, ASAP
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b4.5 Our eyes produce clarity through a perpetual process of adjustment
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a5b5 Shipping perfection means you are too late - you have to find a balance of finding the right moment and being fixable
- LearnInPublic
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a6 To live is to live like a detective
Jul 18, 2024
1-1a7 Epistemology is the way with which we go about our detective work; other sciences are application of such detective lens
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1b Memes are more powerful than genes because they can out-evolve them
Jul 18, 2024
1-1b1 The placebo effect is very likely real, just that they can’t be easily tested since ideas themselves aren’t physical
Jul 18, 2024
1-1b2 The interpretation isn’t physical either
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c You need the best available epistemology because it affects how you see the world
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c1 The problems arise only when you understand them as conflicts between your existent explanation of the world and the reality out there
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c2 Your ‘explanation’ also contains inexplicit, as well as unconscious, content
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c2a There is no escape we are and will be shaped by anti-rational memes
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c3 The way to find such conflict is to know what surprises you
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c4 To be surprised is to be mistaken
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c4c You have to start with problems (your problems) to attain better explanations
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c5a Write down what surprises you
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c5b Asking what surprised them usually is an extremely useful question
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6 Flow to the most interesting, because surprises are interesting
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a The Fun Criterion might be the way to distinguish what constitutes ‘the most interesting’
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a1 You can’t define what’s fun for you, because inexplicit and unconscious parts of you also constitute what is fun
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a1a Pay attention to what can’t be said (e.g., taboos)
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a1b Your ability to detect surprises will get better, and you will never be short of them
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a1c The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a1d In the absence of evidence, do not assume miracles
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a2 Todo list can be never exhaustive
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a2a Don’t let how you work affect what problems you can work on
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a2a1 Be careful with 'just-in time productivity'
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a2b The real work requires big chunks of time and the right mood. You don’t do real work in scheduled little slices like dutifully crossing off to-do lists.
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a2c Don't keep a schedule
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a3 Say yes only when both your heart and head say so
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6a4 You can only say 'no' when you have your 'yes'
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6b You are having fun when your whole being is engaged in solving a problem
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6c You ‘actualize’ yourself when you solve both the problem and the problem-situation via better explanations
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6d The Fun Criterion must be used in the context of solving problems
Jul 18, 2024
1-1c6e This goes on ad infinitum
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-1d Usually the obstacles are your own preconceived notions, and rarely the laws of physics
Jul 18, 2024
1-2 We are fallible
Jul 18, 2024
1-2a We perceive nothing as what it really is, but only virtually
Jul 18, 2024
1-2a1 Our ‘direct’ experience is also virtual because its meaning is conjectured and interpreted via guesses
Jul 18, 2024
1-2a2 Logical reasoning is no less a physical process than scientific reasoning is, and it is inherently fallible
Jul 18, 2024
1-2a3 Errors will occur, but have to be solvable-correctable.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2a4 We must remain within the confines of our own explanations, even if our understanding of physical processes (that constitute reasoning in general) improves arbitrarily
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b In the quest for truth, what matters is the explanation and not where it came from, because even if gods reveal something to you it’s just as fallible as ever (the quest for truth ≠ a quest for certainty-justification-necessity)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b0 Truth needs an explanation. Being true doesn't mean you don't need one.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b0.5 We crave necessity because we are contingent
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b0.5a The best we can attain is belief, since truth cannot be guaranteed
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b1 Power cares about its past because the former is derived from the latter
Jul 18, 2024
1-2b2 He who controls the past controls the future
Jul 18, 2024
1-2c New explanations are to be judged by how many more problems can be solved by it
Jul 18, 2024
1-2d You have to know your problem-situation (and your web of ideas) as best as you can to judge the merit of new explanations
Jul 18, 2024
1-2e You literally MAKE a decision by creating the best explanation that you can from the web of ideas that you have at the moment (i.e., abduction-guessing)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2e1 Be ambitious but leverage what you already know
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f When you create better explanations, you discard the old ones
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1 Popperian epistemology allows your knowledge to grow forever because it is digital. It can fix its errors by rejecting bad ideas
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a Error-correction is the beginning of infinity. All jumps to universality occur in digital systems.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a1 Scientists evaluate theories with excess reasonable doubt
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a2 Skepticism is how you stay being critical even when you don’t have the vocabulary to articulate your own imperfection and incompleteness because proper categories and anti-theses aren’t fully developed yet
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a3 To be scientific is to be critical
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a3a Peirce - science without special equipment is philosophy
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1a3c A central flaw in Kantian philosophy = the doctrine that certain truths about the physical world could be ‘known a priori’ - that is to say, without doing science
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b Analog computation cannot accommodate error-correction. Information that cannot be reliably retrieved is not really being stored.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b1 Digital system is composable
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b2 Composability allows incremental piecemeal error-correction
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3 Merely dropping a theory because it doesn't work is behaviorism and is not error-correction. It's analog reasoning in disguise. You need explanation.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3a Deutsch - 'Nor is a person capable of making progress merely by virtue of being willing to drop a theory when it is refuted; one must also be seeking a better explanation of the relevant phenomena. That is the scientific frame of mind.'
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3a0 Adjustments should be made gradually
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3a1 The question is not whether anomalies happened in the past, but whether we have explanations for such anomalies.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3a2 Don't just complain but solve!
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b3b French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and Chinese Revolution were analog. That is, not done in piecemeal error-correction fashion.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b4 The content of a theory is in what it rules out (and how!)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b4a Truth is about how much reality is in a theory
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b5 検証と反証には非対称性がある
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b6 Volatility is good for insurgents (idiosyncratic disruptors) and bad for incumbents (legacy institutions)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b7 世の中に流布する仮説との違いが大きければ大きいほど、利益の潜在的可能性が大きい
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1b8 検証が厳しければ厳しいほど、それに耐える仮説の価値は大きくなっていく
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f1c Your thinking must be digital to be mistaken, to be surprised
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f2 Popperian epistemology is universal, because it allows any knowledge to be created
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f3 Other epistemologies are analog because they keep both new and old theories based on ‘degrees of truth’ or ‘probabilistic truth
Jul 18, 2024
1-2f4 Other epistemologies are parochial because they don't fix its own errors. It's like a model that never recalibrates.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g New theory is constrained in terms of what it can say, since it must either be consistent with existing theories, or contradict them but address the problems thereby raised
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1 Einstein - 'No fairer destiny for any physical theory than that it should point the way to a more comprehensive theory in which it lives on as a limiting case.'
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1a In most cases, the new theory likely predicts the same outcome as the old ones, but that doesn’t mean we don’t need new theories because new theories give better explanations
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1a1 Popper, Turing, Everett, Dawkins (then Deutsch himself) gave a better explanation as to why the prevailing theories were true after all (unfortunately, they have found themselves constantly on the defensive against obsolete theories)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1b What matters is the explanation, and not what you can see
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1b1 Predicting the same outcome doesn’t mean they have the same explanation
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1b2 Don’t pay as much attention to people’s conclusions as to the reasoning that led them to their conclusions
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c Memes beat genes. We will see what cannot be seen with new knowledge and new technology.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c1 There is no clear line between human and technology
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c2 You can be {Your mind + Second Brain + Mental models + LLM with your data + your scripts-codes represented via machines}
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c2a ヒトの特殊性は情報処理能力そのものではなく、情報を記号により外部化する能力にある
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c2b 人間は外的な記号
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3 Confining yourself only to 'your mind' is quite an arbitrary decision
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3a Humans have no nature and no self apart from the experiences they have united in their memories (the Buddhist notion of anatman - 'no self')
- Buddhism
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3b Self = A memory of skandhas (form, sensation, perception, mental formations, and consciousness)
- Buddhism
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3c Self = A sequence of experiences ('recursive definition of the self')
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3d Don't judge a book by its cover. Read the whole context instead.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c3e When you connect ideas, the content doesn't change but meanings change
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c4 Technology is what makes us humans
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1c5 We don’t really know what constitutes human
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1d We are universal explainers. We can transcend our biological limitations.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g1e Our biological bodies are (still) encoded in genes. Often times it is helpful to understand our biological-default tendencies-biases.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2 New theory in turn constrains what the low-level theories could be
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2a The problem of ‘fine-tuning’ should be approached by being honest with what knowledge is, and not anthropocentrically
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2a1 The principle of the universality of computation and that of testability (Constructor Theory is the generalization of the latter) might provide an answer
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b Humans are significant insofar as we can create knowledge
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b1 Constructor Theory defines knowledge independent of people
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b2 The Turing principle is also about the correspondence between the two bodies, and knowledge is not necessarily embodied in the human mind
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b2a Computer is technology that has deep theoretical and philosophical significance
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b3 Computational universality is about computers inside our physical world being related to each other under the universal laws of physics to which we (thereby) have access (because human brains are computers)
- TheTuringPrinciple
- computation
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b3a Both Great Simulator and all-possible-computer-programs-are-running arguments are bad explanations because computation doesn't precede physical world and its laws.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b4 The universality of computation is a property of hardware and rather uncontroversial. The universality of explanation is a property of software and rather controversial.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b5 The most significant universality is that of people. We are universal explainers, and possess the only kind of universality capable of transcending its parochial origins.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2b6 Universal computers would be dependent on universal explainers
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2c Knowledge must be first conjectured (i.e., created) and then tested. That’s what life has been doing all along, according to Darwin’s theory. It can’t be derived mechanically (Lamarckism is wrong).
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2c1 Testability matters only when you have a good explanation (hard-to-vary explanation)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2c2 The principles of quantum physics dictates that speed and position (or definite path and definite path superposition) cannot be tested simultaneously
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2c3 Intractable does not mean unpredictable
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2d Knowledge is life. Life is knowledge.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2d1 生命は無秩序が生み出したゆらぎ・その中で生じたヒトというゆらぎ・さらにそのなかで生じた科学というゆらぎ
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2e What science and creative thought in general achieves is unpredictable creation out of nothing. That is, creation of knowledge. And so is biological evolution (i.e., life).
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2f The virtual-reality rendering of their environment (i.e., creating knowledge about its niches) is the characteristic means by which human beings (and life in general) survive
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2g Life is a form of virtual-reality generation
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2h Life is associated with a fundamental principle of physics – the Turing principle – since it is the means by which virtual reality was first realized in nature. (Life = physical embodiment of knowledge = the Turing principle)
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2i Genes (life) are programs that embody the laws of physics (of their own niches)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2i0 Life is computation in the sense of assuming other object (i.e., genes assuming its surrounding environment)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2i0a Going against the Turing principle means death
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2i1 Humans can embody universal laws of physics (non-parochial)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j Accurate rendering depends on understanding its physics. The converse is also true - discovering the physics of an environment depends on creating a virtual-reality rendering of it. And explanation already is rendering inside one’s mind.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j1 Accuracy is the closeness, as far as is perceptible, of the rendered environment to the intended one (intension)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j1a Because we can only be with the virtual-reality, all our renderings will be inaccurate
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j1b Accuracy in virtual reality = The relationship between theory and experiment in science. That is, you can never prove-experience-measure-certify that it's accurate-true program.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j1c The accuracy of an image generator’s rendering can in principle be experienced, measured and certified by the user, but the accuracy of a virtual-reality rendering never can be. Image is what can be seen, the program is the unseen.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j1d Cantgotu environments - you will always be proven wrong because no program will render it; you can never prove that you were there
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j2 Icons are intentional resemblances. It is 'about' something.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2j3 Life itself is iconic (imitation-copying)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k Genes embody knowledge about their niches. Replication itself is not the fundamental significance of life.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k1 Replication of knowledge is what matters. Not replication per se.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k2 The program (e.g., Roman-numeral system) survives by causing computer (e.g., people) to use them. The former instructs the latter.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k3 Genes (and memes) survive by causing people to create knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k4 Genes are (computer) programs expressed in the language of DNA instead of zeros and ones
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2k5 Life is knowledge and expressed via DNA, and DNA is symbol. Because humans are primarily about knowledge-symbol-meaning (each implies the other), they became self-aware of DNA as symbols. That is, of its arbitrariness.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2l Knowledge is a fundamental physical quantity, and the phenomenon of life only slightly less so
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2l1 Where there is knowledge, there must have been life
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2l2 Knowledge was first created with life
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2l3 We create knowledge actively. We are more than biological life.
- develop
- Consciousness
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2m The existence of highly adapted replicators depends on the Turing principle because those are in essence universal virtual-reality generators. Explicit reference to replicators, evolution, or biology, are not necessary.
- TheTuringPrinciple
- evolution
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2n The Turing principle is an apparent fact, and we are trying to explain that fact, to place it within the same framework as other facts we know
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2o Evolution is a well-established fact, and itself not a theory. Only the explanations of how evolution happens or looks are theories (e.g., natural selection, genetic processes, and family trees).
- evolution
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2p The laws of physics, by conforming to the Turing principle, make it physically possible for those same laws to become known to physical objects. Thus, the laws of physics may be said to mandate their own comprehensibility.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2q Knowledge can result in one thing being represented by another thing with increasing accuracy, through the creation of explanatory knowledge
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2q2 Popperian epistemology itself has to be conjectured
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2r The Turing principle, if true, dictates that we can form accurate theories about reality. Knowledge to the Turing principle is what steam engines are to the principles of thermodynamics. That is, the Turing principle implies knowledge.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2r0 The Turing principle implies 梵我一如
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2r1 If you believe that there are bounds on the domain in which reason is the proper arbiter of ideas, then you believe in unreason or the supernatural
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s The very fact that physical variables can store information, that they can interact with one another to transfer and replicate it, and that such processes are stable, all depend on the details of quantum theory
- multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s1 Hydrogen atom exists because its electron’s uncertainty-principle tendency to spread is exactly balanced by the electrostatic force with positively charged nucleus.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s2 Electron has multiple positions and speeds without being divisible into autonomous sub-entities each of which has one speed and one position.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s2a Quantum mechanical law of motion resembles the law governing the spread of an ink blot (確率分布)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s2b There is a field (or waves) in reality (i.e., in the multiverse) for every individual particle that we observe in a particular universe. Individual particle’s disturbance spread through electron field
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s3 Interference = Diversity within fungibility = The structure and stability of all static objects (Or put differently, things exist rather stably because we HUMANS don't operate at the level of quantum physics)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s4 Everyday objects are partitioned into nearly autonomous histories with one instance-position-speed, but every atom in those objects is a multiversal object not partitioned (i.e., fungible)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s5 When the instances are fungible, there is no such thing as 'which' - histories and individual particles are not perfectly partitioned into instances
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s6 The reality does not make distinction of the universes in the multiverse because each universe exists equally as a part of the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s6a The multiverse is the objective reality. Each universe is an emergent phenomenon in the context of this reality.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7 There is no universe number 1 or number 2 because that would make them non-fungible (as well as implying some transcendental perspective). There is no point asking which event we will experience.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7a Knowing probability doesn't mean you can predict it
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b You can’t justify the predicted value of the probability inductively, because theory (i.e., the laws of physics) provides the probability, not the experiment
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b1 The laws of physics provides the measure (provides a meaning to proportions and averages for infinite sets) for the multiverse
- probability
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b2 The laws of physics determine what's rare-common, probable-improbable, finite-infinite
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b3 An explanation for how something really works cannot rely on infinity
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b4 Mathematics is not independent of physics
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7b5 Proof theory is computer science and not mathematics
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7c Very unlikely event certainly happens somewhere in the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s7d A history has to be explained in multiversal terms. The true explanation of what happened involves many other instances of me.
- multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2s8 The unobserved parts of the wider phenomenon (other universes) have in no way affected what we (the viewers) observe (in OUR universe), yet they are essential to its explanation. Causation doesn't exhaust explanation!
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t Quantum theory via diversity within fungibility allows both branching (the multiverse) and stability in the sense of what’s been branched stays branched (stable existence of each universe, allowing the classical physics as approximation)
- multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t1 Decoherence - the process of objects becoming too entangled to be interfered (i.e., merged)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t2 History (i.e., entangled) is information flow channel because it is approximately autonomous. That is to say, its entanglement means we can successfully predict some aspects of the future of that history from its past within that history.
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3 A history approximation breaks down when there is interference (i.e., merging), and histories do rejoin via interference phenomenon
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3a Histories, universes, particles, planets, humans — these are all approximate and emergent phenomena in the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3b We are channels of information just like histories and all other relatively autonomous objects but we are extremely unusual because we can create knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3c The effect of knowledge creation is significant both within a history (distance-independent) and across the multiverse (convergence)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3d Because creation (and growth) of knowledge is in essence error-correction, and because being wrong is way easier than being right, knowledge-creating-bearing entities will become more alike (and thrive) across the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3d1 Knowledge-bearing entities extend-permeate across the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3e Other life-forms can't permeate across the multiverse because biological knowledge is primarily about the surrounding environment and its correspondence within THAT universe, and the latter is subject to 'randomness'
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3e1 Explanatory knowledge is inherently about the multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t3f Contingency can be only realized when you evoke the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t4 Because fungibility exists (i.e., histories DO rejoin) we must evoke the multiverse. The multiverse emerged from quantum physics (genealogically).
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t4a Quantum computation is possible thanks to fungibility
- QuantumComputer
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t5 Because rejoining means being fungible means there is no such thing as which of them has ended up as-at which final instance-position
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t5a There is no such thing as the 'same' instance of a particle at different times - i.e., there is no such thing as speed of 'one instance' in the quantum physics (Heisenberg uncertainty principle)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t5b The term 'uncertainty principle' is doubly misleading because first of all fungibility is a physical fact and not uncertainty of anything, and second of all because it can be derived from more general principle of quantum physics
- develop
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2t6 The effect of interference on a history depends on what other histories are present (e.g., Mach-Zehnder interferometer)
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2u The explanation (the theory of knowledge) must involve quantum physics, the Turing principle (the theory of computation), and, as Popper himself stressed, the theory of evolution.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2u1 Don't take neo-Darwinism too seriously
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g2v Epistemology is a theory of (emergent) physics. It is a factual theory about the circumstances under which a certain physical quantity (knowledge) will or will not grow
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g3a At the limit, new theories create new problems
Jul 18, 2024
1-2g3b In short, new theories have to solve more problems than existent ones
Jul 18, 2024
1-2h A good explanation makes it harder to fool yourself
Jul 18, 2024
10-1 Thick descripting history — other configurations — ‘contingent others’ — 【別様の可能性】
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a History is all the data we have so far
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a1 歴史 = 編集 = 関係の発見
- Ayache
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a1a 知識がなければ編集は動かせない
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a1b 行き詰らないとアブダクションできない
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2 History rewrites (edits) itself
- Ayache
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2a 'マツリゴト' = 飛散する民族的な情報文化を統合・再構成した情報システム
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2b マルチメディア・ネットワークの未来は、これまでのいっさいの情報文化史的な成果の再編集に向かう
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2c 情報文化史は編集技術の歴史
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2d 何が自発してきたのか・何が創発してきたのかを見つめることが重要
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a2d1 マルチメディア + 情報過多 = 意味情報への関心
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a3 歴史は記憶の変換・記憶の創成の連続
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a3a The US doesn't want you to remember what happened recently
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a4 Digitizing history doesn't mean throwing away everything and returning to the caveman era of a blank git repository
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a5 Digitizing history means explaining each fork as contingent points (the could've been) for the history around an idea. History is the Idea Maze, and must be created symbolically (never non-digitally nor indexically) by the individuals.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a6 History is the analysis of the log files
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a7 History is more of a method and less about subject (if not applied subject). History is dependent on your epistemology and technology - more generally, your knowledge - because you can only see what you can see.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1a8 Crypto is applied (multidisciplinary) subject
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b Culture is set of ideas which affect behavior including unconscious ones like skills, expectations, and emotional preferences.
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b1 It is the body that learns - '考えるな. 感じろ.'
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b1a Experts develop higher proportion of unconscious knowledge than beginners
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b2 Attachment is children’s first journey from the strange to the familiar, from observer to knower — The first step in emicization (未知 ⇒ 既知)
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b2a Emicization = The construction of an insider point of view (the 'dark matter')
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b3 Sapir - 'Culture is not something given but something to be gradually and gropingly discovered'
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4 Children concentrically embody their ever-widening knowledge structures by testing the degree of its correspondence in comparison with other members of the society
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4.1 Peirce - One needs 'interpretant' for language to get off the ground
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4a Learning is imitation and testing
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4b Learning = ミメシス + パロディア
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4c ミメシス is analog-indexical, パロディア is digital-iconical, アナロギア is digital-symbolical
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4d '好み' = ミメシスからパロディアへ
- Ayache
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4e Developing a taste means transitioning from being obsessed with where it came from (analog) to focusing on what it is and what it can do (digital)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b4f Digitization implies displacement and composability
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b5 We enter the world of language-based learning once we have mastered a language
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b6 Culture ⇒ Culturally invented symbols ⇒ Language (Culture invents things. Everyone is part of a culture. Every individual learning take place within culture. Every invention is built up over time, including language.)
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b7 Culture and grammar shape each other through their evolved symbiotic relationship
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b8 All languages will show culture-language connections if we look for it
Jul 18, 2024
10-1b9 Ethnogrammatical studies are to explain the linkage between nonlinguistic evidence and noncultural evidence
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
10-1c Culture is an abstract network shaping and connecting social roles, hierarchically structured knowledge domains and ranked values. It's dynamic and subject to change.
Jul 18, 2024
10-1c1 'Grammar of society' - Society and culture are connected and constructed in grammar-like ways. Individuals are 'fillers' for slots in a culture-grammar.
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
10-1c2 Each person occupies a role, alone or jointly. Roles are like apparel, worn for specific situations.
Jul 18, 2024
10-1c3 Think of yourself as a machine operating within a machine and know that you have the ability to alter your machines to produce better outcomes.
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
10-1c4 Think about your problem as a set of outcomes produced by a machine then customize, because thinking in terms of machine implies composability, and composable system is fixable
Jul 18, 2024
10-1d Cohesive culture is formed with values, knowledge structures, and social roles
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2 Thick descripting myself — a configuration of ideas which is me
Jul 18, 2024
10-2a I am a set of ideas including conscious and unconscious
Jul 18, 2024
10-2b I cannot be fully explicated
Jul 18, 2024
10-2c We can provide ever better explanations about ourselves
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d The medium of expression, language, can also improve indefinitely
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d1 The laws of physics are not necessarily to be expressed with current notation. The relation is arbitrary.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d1a The regularity in nature can be expressed arbitrarily well either by the language of mathematics, natural language, or by computers (zeros and ones)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d1b The DNA genetic code expresses the laws of physics
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d1c Evolution achieved that jump to universality with the DNA genetic code
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d1d Humans are distinguished because of the syntax of their DNA (genomes)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d2 ‘The tools for thought’ do not necessarily have to accommodate recursiveness, because we can think recursively nonetheless
Jul 18, 2024
10-2d2e9e Evolution of 'other life-forms' must evoke the influence of human existence
- evolution
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e Languages are theories about the world and enmeshed in assumptions.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e0 Languages are theories. The vocabulary and grammar embody substantial assertions about the world.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e1 Most of the modern languages assume that time ‘flow’
- develop
- multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e2 The multiverse does not ‘come into existence’ or ‘cease to exist’; those terms presuppose the flow of time. It is only imagining the flow of time that makes us wonder what happened ‘before’ or ‘after’ the whole of reality.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e3 In the multiverse, snapshots do not have time stamps
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e4 Other times (in 'our universe') are just special cases of other universes. There is no demarcation between other times and other universes in the multiverse.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e4a There is no such thing as 'which half' would see 'heads', any more than there is an answer to the question 'which one am I'
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e4b Money is fungible. So is energy. So are we.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e5 The multiverse neither consists of a sequence of moments nor permits a flow of time.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e6 Any theory must account for the meaning of 'the future' and 'the past' because both are arbitrary abstractions and do not exist objectively in reality
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e7 The common-sense concept of cause and effect makes sense because 'variants' do exist somewhere in the multiverse. Nothing necessitates causes to precede their effects.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e8 Reasoning about causes and effects is reasoning about variants of the causes and effects. What would've happened. How it could've been otherwise.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2e9 Variants do exist in the multiverse - not in the past or in the future, but they literally do exist somewhere in the multiverse!
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f Language assumes shared knowledge, just as conversation is implicit in the context
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f0 One cannot understand sentence structures well without understanding the discourses they are embedded in
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f0a What natural selection favored was complex thinking, not complex sentences. A gene for syntax (complex sentences) is ‘junk’ portion, as it were (i.e., not necessary).
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f0b Complex tools do not necessarily require complex languages (Tool complexity ≠ Linguistic complexity)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f1a We are making communication efficient not only combinatorically (syntax) but also semantically (by using context)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f1b We filter both what needs to be said and what doesn't have to be, either consciously or subconsciously
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f2 The theory of the evolution of language must take culture into account
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f2a Explanation regarding any evolution must take knowledge into account
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3 Learning human languages is about learning its cultures
- LLMs
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3a Learning human languages consists of constantly conjecturing-guessing the meaning of the words being used
- develop
- symbols
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3a0 The best thing to learn (and the best way to learn anything) is to learn another language
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3a1 Speaking the same language doesn’t mean they share the same exact meanings.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3a2 There can only be enough overlap of meanings between any entities (e.g., individual, group, society, theory, reality) — ‘ゆらぎ’
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3b Reading is about extracting the meaning from the words, and not about extracting words from the page
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f3c How to program the ability to learn human languages
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f4 Learning computer languages is about mere syntax (learning human languages ≠ learning computer languages)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2f5 Mathematics
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g You can’t extract the meaning from the words only, because the explicit (seen) is built upon the inexplicit (unseen)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1a Science emerged from culture
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1a1 Science is not pure rationality autonomous from its cultural matrix
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1b Science is headed towards less and less parochialism because we can be honest with what knowledge is. That is, towards universality.
- develop
- Universality
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1b1 Scientific discourses are less fallible because the fundamental theories of physics are exceedingly hard to vary
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1c Universality of people
- develop
- Universality
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1d Humans are the apex predators because we plan, share knowledge, and leave knowledge for future generations, by talking to each other. We are knowledge-oriented.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f Imitation = limitation (imitation has limitation)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f1 Natural selection can only operate on phenotypes (physical attributes) and not on genotypes (the knowledge bearing entity). The same (or similar) phenotypes doesn’t mean they share the same genotype.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2 Culture (also) shapes phenotype for humans (Culture ⇒ Phenotype)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2a Our brains (including our emotions) and our cultures are related symbiotically through the individual, and that neither supervenes on the other
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2a2 You can't separate the mind from the context-culture-body that generated-evolved it. Cartesian dualism is arbitrary categorization-abstraction.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2a3 Everett on Descartes - Dualism is one of the worst error ever introduced into philosophy, and simply ignores evolution
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2a4 The mind ≠ A computer
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f2b The brain and symbols evolved reflexively to enhance communication to deal with cultural and sexual selectional pressures.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1f3 We can only figure out what they know by what they do ('performance'), because we can never directly study what people know ('competence'). To assert that we can is a common error in thinking.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1g Scientific knowledge implies location-time-scale-independent applicability
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1h The best explanation of anything eventually involves universality, and therefore infinity. The reach of explanations cannot be limited by fiat.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1i Universality and infinity are necessary condition for the growth of knowledge, but not sufficient
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g1j A good explanation explain more than what they were originally designed to
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2 Culture invents symbols, and the core of language is the symbol
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2a Symbols are the original social contract
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2b Language as the most advanced form of communication is what differentiates humans, not communication per se
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c Indexes are physical because they merely ‘indicate’ and hence do not require culture. Symbols are cultural. Put differently, indexes are analog and symbols digital.
- Universality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0 A system is universal if it contains enough expressibility to represent anything. It can do anything and everything.
- Universality
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0a Universal systems retain the capacity to represent knowledge that is not yet created, thus can be useful in the future.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0b There is no a priori - 直観は存在しない
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0c We don't think at the moment (we don't 'generate' ideas), our thinking is connected
- LLMs
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0d Semiotics is a theory of how human experience grows by means of the mediating structures we create, and derives from phenomenology (philosophy of things we experience)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0d1 Peircean semiotics is about process and not about topic
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c0e Synechism - the idea that everything is connected and nothing can be understood in isolation
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1 Symbols are universal. Being arbitrary and contingent means it can represent anything, and do everything.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1a Universality of symbols - if one specie can manipulate symbols, then that species can understand any other species who also use symbols
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1b Only humans struggle in expressing themselves - 表現しきれないというのは人間のみ
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1c The primary function of language is communication. Not expression of thought.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1d Computation is nothing more than an aid to communication
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c1e What makes humans unique is not computational ability
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2c2 Human minds are capable of knowing what ideas mean
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2d Science symbolizes physicality beyond parochialism (from seen to the unseen)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2d1 Science is a discussion within specific culture whose context is the laws of physics and its language mathematics, doing away with the need to explain the relationship between the two (of culture and language)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e Universality of the laws of physics depends on the existence of universal explainers — people
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e1 Our best explanation invokes abstractions including causation and the laws of physics
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e2 Abstractions are real, and created the same way as with any other knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e3 Abstractions seem ‘inaccessible’ to empiricism
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e4 Abstractions seem less ‘justified’ to the justified-true-belief misconception
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e5 Abstractions exist and affect physical objects. Knowledge makes enormous difference in the world.
- unseen
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e6 Abstraction is the unseen
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e6a Science is about understanding the whole of reality, of which only an infinitesimal proportion is ever experienced
- multiverse
- unseen
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e6b We exist in multiple versions, in universes called ‘moments’. Each version of us is not directly aware of the others, but has evidence of their existence because physical laws link the contents of different universes.
- multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e7 Abstraction is universal, precisely because they are in the abstract (i.e., itself not contingently constrained by its own physicality)
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e8 Abstractions require Popperian epistemology, to be error-correctable
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9 Abstractions are corrected by realizing how ‘it could’ve been otherwise’
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9a The contingent relation between the form and the abstract can be only realized by digital systems. Analog systems cannot do this.
- develop
- multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9b DNA is digital system which evolves by discrete changes. If it were analog, evolution couldn’t have happened.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9b1 Evolution couldn't have happened without the multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9b2 Only when evoking the multiverse can we say this and that made this and that difference in the context of evolution
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9c Life has been creating knowledge by conjectures
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g2e9d There are no 'species' in nature. Reality doesn't distinguish life by categories.
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3 Symbols are shaped by social values, social knowledge, and social structures
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3a Everything is (or more precisely, became) symbol. Social values-knowledge-structures themselves are symbols represented by non-explicit forms (e.g., traditions and habits) interpreted non-explicitly ('流れ込む情報').
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3b Not all symbols contain knowledge
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3c Not all memes are rational
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3d Behaviors can be replicators even when its meanings are not (properly) understood, because we can guess the meaning of memes. For rational memes, knowledge is THE replicator.
- unseen
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3d1 Humans do stupid things because we can guess and create meanings. Other life-forms don't have that ability to create knowledge actively. Our ability comes with a great cost of potentially doing very (infinitely) stupid things.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3d1a Tools became early symbols by displacement
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3d1b 土器そのものの象徴化即ち威信財の登場
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3d2 Decontextualize, then recontextualize
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3e We are, and will be, transitioning from anti-rational memes to rational memes
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g3f Anti-rational memes contain knowledge, and each individual has to discover them
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g4 Cultures and languages are reflexive
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
10-2g5 Every invention is built up over time within culture
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
10-2h Explicating the inexplicit amounts to knowledge, and knowledge is unpredictable, and never derived mechanically
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
11-1 Trading-Market-Finance-Investment-Speculation
Jul 18, 2024
11-1b Investment is expression and you need methods and techniques (i.e., knowledge)
Jul 18, 2024
11-2 Capital market aligns financial incentives with curiosity. More precisely, capital market constrains curiosity with financial incentives.
Jul 18, 2024
11-2a Invest for the wealth it can generate, not for the money per se
Jul 18, 2024
11-3 資本主義が自慢する「合理性」には、必ずや「ゆらぎ」「欠陥」「誤謬」「たまたま」が巣くっている
Jul 18, 2024
11-3.1 'Equilibrium' - Anything innovative escapes the Invisible Hand
Jul 18, 2024
11-3.2 'Regression to the mean' - Don't be fooled by randomness
Jul 18, 2024
11-3.3 'The law of diminishing returns' - We can recalibrate the curve so that we are always at the growing phase of the S-curve!
- develop
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
11-3.4 'Utility' (marginal, diminishing, increasing) - Specialization beats the Invisible Hand
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
11-3.5 There is no universal utility. Utility doesn't exist in the abstract, it must be rooted in the context and corresponding explanations.
Jul 18, 2024
11-3a Explanation of equity market requires knowing about other parts of market. Explanation of market in general requires knowing about non-market bits.
Jul 18, 2024
11-4 Diversification can achieve what multiplicity does in the digital
Jul 18, 2024
12-1 Surfacing contingencies (ゆらぎ)
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a Turning constants into variables increases volatility
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a1 Network can become the state
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2 Ideology (did and) will shape the state, instead of vice versa
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2a Crypto is network-ideological movement and doesn't differentiate Chinese and Americans
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2a1 Free markets and free speech, by definition, transcend the concepts of nation-states
- contingency
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2a2 資本は資本の一元性を好み、商品は商品の多様性を好む
- contingency
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2b1 Left-right consensus is anarchy
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2b2 The real split will be top-bottom instead of left-right
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2b3 Left eventually becomes the right, not ideologically but economically and systematically
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2b4 Blockchains can change the course of history, in the sense of how history unfolds
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2c Digital network can solve the problem of network defects (both as a failure and a political defection) because not constrained by the arbitrary state and its physical borders means it doesn't get too big or too complex
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a2d Abstractions such as 'the economy' and 'the supply chain' can be realized arbitrarily well (never exhaustively)
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a3 The tangible and explicit (can) come in last in the evolution of organic community
- develop
- contingency
Jul 18, 2024
12-1a4 The Network State - go cloud first, land last, but not land never; fractal polity with capital in the cloud; can be achieved with the most robust existing tech stack we have
Jul 18, 2024
12-1b The only certainty is rising volatility
Jul 18, 2024
12-1c Open source means more composability means more digitizeable and measurables
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
12-1d Flexible media will surface contingency
- composability
Jul 18, 2024
12-1f 言葉と物事の関係性が一対である必要性はない (e.g., 二項同体)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1 Mental models (着せ替え・持ち替え・言い換え)
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a Information is in the difference. No difference, no information. 情報とは差異. 区別のないところに情報は生まれない.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0 'Creative destruction' - Think outside the box. Evolution of ideas must be revolutionary. Knowledge creation involves rebellion against current explanatory framework.
- categories
- MentalModelsMicroEcon
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0.1 Complacency will kill you ('The Red Queen effect')
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0a 'Occam's razor' & 'Irreducibility' - Simplify the problem but don't oversimplify.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0a1 Don't waste time unnecessarily complicating things
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0aa Applied Occam's razor - 'If you can't program it, you don't understand it. If you can't write about it, you can't code it.'
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0b 'Thought experiment' - Don't limit yourself to binary thinking. Explore at least three possible solutions.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0b1 Do no consult your 'intuition' all the time
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0b2 'Relativity' - Look at the problem in as many ways as possible. You might as well find new problems.
- develop
- MentalModelsPhysicsAndChem
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c 'Denial' - Accept the existence of Black Swans
- MentalModelsPsychology
- TheBlackSwan
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1 'Failure comes from a failure to imagine failure'
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1a 'Influence of stress' - 'In the thick of battle, you will not rise to the level of your expectations, but fall to the level of your training'
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1c Purpose (and curiosity) beats for-profit
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1d The One Commandment is about focus - Focus on a single moral innovation
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1e Communities will become more selective
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1f The network won't let anyone (particularly the state) coerce
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1g No lock-in = 去る者は追わない・追えない
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1h Small countries (or any community) must be convincing. Presidents and mayors must act like CEOs and turn their communities into startup countries-counties.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c1i Every polity will be publicly traded eventually just like companies and coins
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0c2 Failing is inevitable, but do not fail epistemologically
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a0d Don't confuse the Grey Swans with the Black Swans
- TheBlackSwan
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1 'The map is not territory' - Find many maps as possible, across globe-time-fields, and try to bring your map closer to the territory as possible (i.e., reality)
- MentalModelsGeneral
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a Biases when picking up maps (+ cognitive biases in general)
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a1 'Falsification (confirmation) bias' - Always try to falsify your theory. Don't pick up similar maps.
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a1b 'Hanlon's razor' - We (they) are dumber and thus less ill-intent than we think we (they) are
- MentalModelsGeneral
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a2 'Bias from incentives' - Explicate your culture-incentive as much as possible
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a3 'Availability heuristic' - We easily recall what is salient, important, frequent, and recent
- develop
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a3a You're the average of your five closest friends OR You're the average of the people whose content you consume the most
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a3b Your thinking is downstream of what you consume
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a3c Belong where your desired habits are the norm
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a4 'Representativeness heuristic' - Remember the Linda test!
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a4a 'Probabilistic thinking' - Do not assume miracles!
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a4b Compounding is usually too slow to notice, making it easier to discount both how much progress and catastrophe are achievable
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a5 'Narrative instinct' - Often the right explanation is one with the least intent involved
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a6 'Tendency to overgeneralize from small samples'
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a6a Xenophanes - it’s easy to attribute universal truth to mere local appearances
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a7 'Hindsight bias' - Keep a record of your thoughts at the time you make the decision
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a8 'Tendency to overestimate consistency of behavior' - Behavior of others are often not innate-intentional but situational
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a9 'Survivorship bias' - We only see what can be seen
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1a9a Survivorship bias + Incentives = We can't see what can be seen and see what's not even there
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a1b Constantly check your own bias
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a2 See clearly - 解像度を高める
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a3 'Seeing the front' - Incorporate what can't be explicated
- MentalModelsMilitaryAndWar
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a3.2 Curiosity begets both network effects and feedback loops
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a4a Sometimes the best information is the least transmissible.
- incentives
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a4b 百聞は一見に如かず - Build, Show, Use ＞ Explain, Tell, Research
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a4c We don't know how we create knowledge yet, but that doesn't mean we can't
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a5 'Sampling' - Increase your sample size with QUALITY data
- MentalModelsNumeracy
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a5a Evolution doesn't care about lifetime of each individual gene-meme carrier (its sample is beyond your own experience and any human lifetime)
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6 'Incentives' - Incentives drive (almost) everything. Understand your incentives.
- MentalModelsGeneral
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6.1 Remember that most people will pretend to operate in your interest while operating in their own
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6.2 Treasure honorable people who are capable and will treat you well even when you’re not looking
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6a Understanding incentives amounts to understanding its culture
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6a1 Doctrines = generalized religions
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c 'Inertia' - In most ordinary moments the situation thinks for us, and these seemingly insignificant decisions compound.
- MentalModelsPhysicsAndChem
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c0 If you don't create an explanation, you will be enmeshed in the situation (analog). You have to transcend your situation-culture-parochiality by explanations (digital). Explanation is the way to universality.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c1 'Tendency to minimize energy output' - Align your incentives properly, then (almost) everything will follow
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c2 Establishing rituals is the key to creating positive inertia
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c3 'Global and local maxima' - Don't prematurely overoptimize. Occasionally throw in some 'randomness'.
- MentalModelsNumeracy
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c4 'Randomness' - The appearance of 'randomness' is subjective
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c4a Randomness is an emergent phenomenon inherent within each universe
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c4b Explanation is the way to the multiverse
- multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6c4c We can explain things because we are multiversal objects. The multiverse implies explanatory knowledge.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6d Never say yes to something important without thinking it over for a day
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a6d1 Digitize the idea from the context within which that's been spoken-written
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7 'Curiosity instinct' - Curiosity alone can drive humans into ideas without any (at least obvious) financial incentives
- MentalModelsPsychology
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a Curiosity (i.e., the Fun Criterion) leads you to wealth, because wealth is knowledge
- ConstructorTheory
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a1 (1) Increase your productivity; (2) Don't let your income increase faster than your productivity; (3) Don't let your debt increase faster than your income
- develop
- Spitznagel
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a2 Assets with actual substance or weight have the best prospects over the long term
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a3 Ben Graham - 'Markets are a voting machine in the short term and a weighing machine in the long term'
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a4 In the long run reality gets in; narrative can get you so far
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7a5 Build day by day unless anything fundamental ('the core') changed. Superficial-uncontrollable criteria (e.g., share price) matter less.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a7b Work in a field you have both a natural aptitude for and deep interest in. It should become increasingly interesting as you learn more about it.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1a8 Interest rate affects businesses, but not curiosity!
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b Seeing the unseen (面影・うつろい)
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b1 'Asymmetric warfare' - Play by different rules
- MentalModelsMilitaryAndWar
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2 Play in different time horizon. That is, in the long-run.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2a 'Seizing the middle' - 'Time is the friend of someone who is properly positioned and the enemy of someone poorly positioned.'
- MentalModelsMicroEcon
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2a1 Look for an idea that could evolve into a great one
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b1 'Inversion' - Avoid stupid obvious bullshit you'd regret in the future
- MentalModelsGeneral
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b1a Get your incentives right from the beginning
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b3 Don't invest what you can't afford to lose
- investment
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b4 Look for value-added risk reducing trades
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b5 Know the correlations between your bets. Holy grail is fifteen or so uncorrelated bets.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b5.1 Brian Armstrong's Rule of 70-20-10
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2b6 Don't borrow against your securities
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2c 'Compounding' - Permeate across the timeline
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2d 'Trust' - The most effective business is one with trust. Build one.
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2d1 Consistency builds trust
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2e 'Algorithms' & 'Replication' - Share your problem-situation as clearly possible, so that others can make decisions without you on your behalf (i.e., multiply)
- MentalModelsSystems
- MentalModelsBiology
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2e0 The less guessing layers the better
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2e1 Understanding comes from copying the information-knowledge as information-knowledge medium; not from copying the substrate
- ConstructorTheory
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2e2 Knowledge doesn't care how it's replicated and its impact on the knowledge bearing entities. What matters is whether the content is replicated, and there's space for creativity and variation here.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2f 'Equivalence' - Reality doesn't care genealogy. Solving problems is what matters. How it's done matters less.
- MentalModelsNumeracy
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b2g 'Margin of safety' - Be redundant and resourceful
- MentalModelsSystems
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b3 Play different games. Avoid competition.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b3b 'Arbitrage' - Arbitrage both space and time (both offline and online)
- MentalModelsMicroEcon
Jul 18, 2024
2-1b4 Not fighting can win you the battle
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c 'Opportunity costs' - Look beyond the obvious. See what's hidden.
- MentalModelsMicroEcon
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c1 'Comparative advantage' - If others can do it, let them
- MentalModelsMicroEcon
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c1a Even if you are better at everything that doesn't mean you should do everything by yourself
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c1a2 The attract-extract cycle - Bigger networks have less to gain and more to lose by interoperating
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c1a3 Platforms eventually cannibalize their complements
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c1a4 'Commoditize your complement' tactic
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c2 'Specialization' - Minimizing opportunity costs maximize comparative advantages and leads to prosperity
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c2a Matt Ridley - 'Self-sufficiency leads to economic downturns. Mutual interdependence is more robust.'
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c2b Forced vertical integration made Tesla intimately familiar with the complex supply chain required to build a car. Good counter-argument to outsourcing everything.
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c3 'Win and help win' always outcompete
Jul 18, 2024
2-1c4 100x-ing the pie ＞ slicing extra few %
Jul 18, 2024
2-1d 'Ecosystem' & 'Thermodynamics' & 'Double-entry bookkeeping' - Everything is connected, there is no free lunch
Jul 18, 2024
2-1e Everything is connected in a complex way
Jul 18, 2024
2-1e1 'Layer-1' & 'Layer-2' phrasing is probably not the best analogy-understanding-topology
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
2-1e2 Both 'underlying' assets and 'derivatives' can be considered as 'contingent claims'
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
2-1e3 実体経済も市場経済も等しく経済
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
2-2 ウツ・ウツツ (空・現)
Jul 18, 2024
2-2a 'Emergence' - Knowledge can be created out of nothing and is unpredictable
- MentalModelsSystems
Jul 18, 2024
2-2b 'Critical mass' & 'Activation energy' & 'Alloying' & 'Catalysts' - Look for, or create, lollapalooza effects
Jul 18, 2024
2-2c 'Tragedy of the commons' - Also look for negative lollapalooza effects ('devolution')
Jul 18, 2024
2-2c1 If you have negative externalities, tax it
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-3 Meta-contingency. Optimism. Possibility.
Jul 18, 2024
2-3a 'First principles thinking' - If it's not forbidden by the laws of physics, it is possible
- MentalModelsGeneral
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-3a1 Always ask - what does this even MEAN
Jul 18, 2024
2-3a2 Ask - how would I build XXX today
Jul 18, 2024
2-3b1 'Sensitivity to fairness' - What is fair changes
- develop
- MentalModelsPsychology
Jul 18, 2024
2-3c 'Surface area' - Manage your exposure to volatilities
Jul 18, 2024
2-3d Social media is social volatility
Jul 18, 2024
2-3d1 You must understand the risk profile of social distribution one has with others
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-3e Cryptocurrency is financial volatility
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-4 Be nice (but smart)
Jul 18, 2024
2-4a 'Commitment & Consistency bias' - To change your behavior, make changing your belief difficult
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
2-5 'Reciprocity' - You never know who you touch. You never know how or when you’ll have an impact, or how important your example can be to someone else.
Jul 18, 2024
2-6 You get what you pay for
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a The reality doesn’t have categories, there are only problems to be solved. Be problem-project-oriented. 'Academic subjects' are mere social constructs.
- develop
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a0 Use categories, but don't be categorized
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a0a 'Life is projects it is not a job'
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a1 It’s either you are solving problems or not
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a2 The problem itself doesn't care how it's solved. Everything should be structured around solving problems.
- MentalModels
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a2a Culture (be it individual-company-country) should be built around solving problems. Incentives should be built around solving problems.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a2b Problem-situation should define which system and organizational structure should be adapted
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a3 Multidisciplinary thinking is the most realistic thinking
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a3a Start with problems instead of opinions. The latter usually comes with confirmation bias.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4 Explanatory means it will span across ‘boundaries’
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4a1 The whole must be evoked in explaining the parts
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b 情報文化史 = 経済文化史 (経済と文化はそもそも独立して存在しない)
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b1 Understand what you abstracted away
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b2 Price can only convey so much
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b2' Mark Twain - 'It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.'
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b2a A great business at a fair price is superior to a fair business at a great price
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b3 Thomas Sowell - 'Prices are important not because money is considered paramount but because prices are a fast and effective conveyor of information through a vast society in which fragmented knowledge must be coordinated.'
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b4 Not everything are priced yet
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b4a Financial cycles ≠ Product cycles
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4b5 Anything can be priced in principle. But not everything will be.
- develop
- Ayache
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4c Market and non-market categorization is arbitrary
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4c' Crypto can integrate culture of each network unlike top-down Western global capitalism which did away with the cultural aspects of communities
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4d 市場メカニズムにもノンマーケット・セクターにも根本的な大きな欠陥がある
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a4e システムとユーザーはつながっているだけでなくハウリングしあっている
- reflexivity
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
3-1a5 Any explanation must evoke human creativity (i.e., our ability to come up with explanations) fully
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b Be flexible with the problem itself, because you may not know what’s the real problem yet
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b0 Think forward, but also think in reverse via inversion
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b0a You can think forward and invert insofar as you have a problem to solve
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1 Occasionally revisit the problem itself. Occasionally check in on long-term.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1a Often the real insight is in the question and not in answer
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1a1 People think big ideas are answers, but often the real insight is in the question. The question-answer categorization is arbitrary.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1a2 You have to ask hitherto unasked questions
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1b Problems encountered during projects are valuable. The harder they are the better.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b1c Occasionally ask 'am I working on what I most want to work on'
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b2 Use the Fun Criterion to filter what problems to work on
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b2a Using the Fun Criterion is not synonymous with simply having fun
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b2b There is a difference between trying to incorporate the inexplicit and unconscious into your theories, and simply indulging in the unconscious
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1b2c You have to approach the unconscious parts of the mind as a Popperian, and not as a Romanticist
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c Know what your problems are
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1 Learning with intent to use them in the future (i.e., performance-output-oriented) filters down information, while constantly reminding you of the very problem-situation you are trying to solve and the very purpose that comes with it.
- FutureSelf
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1a Prioritize performance-oriented media (i.e., news-you-can-use, including tutorials and fitness-diet-sleep scoreboard which you have control) over consumption-oriented media
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1b You are what you think and you think what you see, and you see what you think
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1c You must build your own media for yourself
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1c1 The first thing to look at each day should be your purpose and metrics you can improve upon
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1c2 Second Brain is a private media, where you are both the editor and the reader
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d You must build your own media distribution to avoid distortion for yourself and others
- own
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d0 We are overconsuming novelty (and “serendipity”) and under-consuming purpose. The first thing to look at each day should be your purpose and metrics to improve upon, not some random stories.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d0.1 'Velocity' - 'If you don’t know where you want to go, any road will take you there.'
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d0a Zipf’s law distribution = Passive consumption make up 99% of activities on the internet, and less than 1% even comment on content, and much less than THAT actually create something new
- develop
- LearnInPublic
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d1 Journalists distort our reality by 10,000x
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d10 Ascending-descending world ＞ first-third (developed-developing) world dichotomy
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d2 Historic records are full of embellishment, lying, and misinterpretation. It’s mediated by many minds both conscious and unconscious.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d2a If the news is fake, imagine history
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d3 Social media makes news sentiment negative
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d4 We are bombarded with ‘unlikely’ events on our social media feed
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d5 Dashboards over newspapers
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d6 Media grabs what's easily grabbable (e.g., short-term over long-term development)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d7 You have to know where the content you consume stands in the spectrum of things (metadata)
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d8 Sentiment (both macro and micro) is important and should be measured
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1d9 Phrasing matters
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c1e Know your own incentive as a writer
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2a Your mind, including the unconscious, has to know the problems you explicitly have
- SlowBurns
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2c Your mind has inexplicit and unconscious assumption not only with regard to what constitute as problems but also their relative importance
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2d Human knowledge is hierarchically structured. It's a list but also about how things on the list relate to one another. The sum of what we know is greater than all things put together.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2d1 Individuals or nations might possess the same values, but the ordering differs
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2e2 Creativity is more than just combining things
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2e4 There is no limit to the number of symbols available to humans for languages
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2e4.1 'Scarcity' - Knowledge is rare but never a scarce resource
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2e4.2 'Supply and demand' - Physical is getting expensive
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2e5 Symbols are constructed of other symbols
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2f In tech, most of the value is in the ordering, in the useful configuration of zeroes and ones, which users click to pay for it
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2f1 生命活動の特徴は無秩序から秩序を見出すこと
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c2g Often times what matters is not what's used in the system, but what it does and can do
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3a We are not interested in where the knowledge came from
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3a1 Tracing its beginning is as impossible as predicting the future
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3a2 情報の起源に触れることは物理的に不可能
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3b We are not interested in where the knowledge is stored, but rather whether it’s easy to retrieve them when we have to
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3b1 You don’t take notes to know where the knowledge came from (justification), but to use it in the future, to solve problems.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3b2 Reading the 'original' texts should not be the default to learn about philosophy (or anything for that matter)
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c0 Ideas have timing
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c00 Evergreen notes should be atomic
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c1 To create is to recombine. Innovation happens when ideas have sex (either between people or with one’s past ideas). Exchange is to technology as sex is to evolution.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2 Take ideas seriously, to an extent that you will be comfortable ‘breaking rules’ if necessary
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2a Any ideas have the potential to be MORE universal (if not universal), and constraints are to be removed sooner or later because knowledge is irreversible
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2a1 How do we find constraints (i.e., detect bullshit)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2b Getting rid of your own misconceived notions alone can take you far enough
- develop
- Universality
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2c The theory of physics is already universal in the sense that it applies to all things physical
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c2d Any explanation, including the theory of physics, can be improved indefinitely
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3 Take ideas seriously, but not too seriously. Don’t be the idea.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3a Realize that having invested time in something doesn't make it good. There is no necessary correlation between the time you put in and its usefulness.
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3a1 Don't be so attached to anything because almost everything is contingent. Assume no self.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3a2 More precisely, almost everything CAN BE made contingent
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3a2 Time spent doesn't mean much
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3b Wealth = Measurement (work with a small group) + Leverage (develop new techniques and its value is multiplied by all the people who use it)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c3c Tech is for technology as well as for technique (技術)
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c4 'Tendency to distort due to liking or disliking' - Never be ashamed of citing a bad author if the line is good.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c4a Person who finds profound new theories often holds onto beliefs that contradict them
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c5 Best of all is when you can say they would’ve found this had they taken their own ideas seriously
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3c6 Nerds have an advantage in doing great work because they expend little effort on seeming anything
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d Problems should be well defined and should be actionable
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d0 Break down into mini-projects, they become more actionable because they are less scary than bigger ones
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d1 Well-defined mini-projects can be recycled. Your future self won’t have to repeat himself for similar project.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d2 Well defined problems are completable, and allow you to take small steps
- FutureSelf
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d2a Chasing growth ≠ Listing off projects like todo
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d2a1 Project ≠ Todo - doing something for its own sake isn’t the same as doing something to solve problems
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d2b Chasing growth ⇒ Keep redefining the problems to be solved
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d3 When problems are so well defined, your future self might be able to solve new problems by reusing and recombining them
- FutureSelf
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3d3a Problems are also unpredictable. Your mini-projects may turn out to be useful later. They are optionality.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3e However, you will always be solving the problem of what problems to solve because of your unconscious. Don’t be a reductionist in approaching problems themselves.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3e1 There are emergent problems which will emerge as you go about life, that can only be accounted for with new explanations
Jul 18, 2024
3-1c3e2 Experience provides problems-concepts-knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d Consistency requires consistent constraints
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d1 We must start with our own peculiar constraints
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d2 The problem of what problems to solve includes the problem of deciding which tools-frameworks (e.g., tech stack, writing medium, criteria, objective, goals, exercise protocols) to use and improve upon
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d3 You must start with some specific framework with an intent to solve at least some of your own problems
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d4 There are no perfect tools, just as there are no ultimate problems
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d4a What matters is if your tools-frameworks are universal
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d4b Your tools-frameworks-systems must be error-correctable (i.e., digital)
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d4b1 What’s been considered ‘analog’ must be represented digitally, because the distinction is rather arbitrary
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d4c Humans can correct its own errors because we use symbols
- develop
- symbols
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d5 You can question the adequacy of the tools at hand insofar as it relates to some specific problems of yours. You don’t evaluate them ‘comparatively' based on its ‘utility’ without explanations.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6 Constraints in the form of consistent style leave space for creativity and progress
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6a Consistent style allows cognitive offload with regard to everything unrelated to the problems at hand
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6a1 Staying consistent is rather difficult with information abundance. What we need is purpose-intention.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6b Consistent style makes it easier to see whether you are making a progress or not
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6c2 Everything looks bigger up close
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6d Consistency with specific problems in mind is the key to (detect) progress
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d6e You can only progress within the context of your own specificity. You can’t progress objectively, although you can progress towards the objective knowledge.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d7 'Escape velocity' - Little expressivity goes long way
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d7a 'Bottlenecks' - Don't hate them. Rather, use them creatively.
Jul 18, 2024
3-1d8 When you have something, you can not have it. When you don't have something, you cannot have it. That's a huge difference.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1 Assumptions are hypotheses and you use the conversation (’negotiation’) to test them
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a Don’t ask question but start with one
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a1 Real conversation is full of false starts
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a1a There should be many false starts with books
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a2 Labelling is a great way to start because it gives you optionality; even if you ‘mislabel’ their emotions it’ll make them explain more about themselves, while conveying that you are trying to understand them
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a2a When you make them say ‘no’ to anything, you make them feel as if they are in more control of the conversation
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a2b Labelling is like prompting without making it look like a question
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a3a Imaginary problems lead to imaginary feedback, and that's not feedback
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a3b Go to specific places to get specific feedbacks
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4 Each new conversation is a fresh start
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4a Even if you revisit ‘the same conversation’ (or ‘re-reading a book’) they are never the same thing twice because you are never the same
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b It’s really tough to get annoyed when you are having conversation with yourself or with ideas
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b1 You are a configuration of ideas (both conscious and unconscious)
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2 During conversations you are engaging with the ideas that’s instantiated in that individual, and this could be yourself from the past.
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2a Silence can decontextualize-displace the negotiator from the negotiation
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2a1.1 Silence can give ideas space
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2a2 忘却 = 自然に廃棄すること
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2a3 整理 = 意識的にすてること
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2a4 Prioritize by weighing the value of additional information against the cost of not deciding
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2b0 Your algo is your principles
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2b1 'One-of-those' over one-off - Learn from history (not just from your 'own' experience)
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2b2 History repeats and reverses
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2b2a Rules and leaders emerge from informal governance but they are a product of inscrutable social dynamics rather than thoughtful design
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2b2b Blockchains enable thoughtful evolution based on immutable rules and credible neutrality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b2c Asking questions such as 'what does xxx MEAN to you' can displace the counterpart from the context of the situation, and allow them to take a step back
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3 If you write down ideas, you can have a conversation with each one of them individually, or with any configurations from them
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3a Constitution formalized the shift of national governance from individual rulers to written law
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3b A blockchain constitution means an immutable topic to be discussed
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3c A blockchain record means an immutable subject to be interpreted
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3c1 Legacy statistics are manipulation-prone
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3d The 'ledger of record' shifts the focus to adjacent layers
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b3e Meaningful narratives ＞ Meaningless speculation
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b4 If you write down a set of ideas (including its internal relations and value hierarchy), you can have a conversation with that (which is almost yourself from the past)
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b5 When you write down anything, you are literally saving yourself (although never entirely) at that moment
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b5a Maybe consciousness is seeing your thinking mediated on some other physical form, realizing that it could’ve been put otherwise (and optionally you improve upon)
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b5b Deutsch - The solution to the problem of consciousness will invoke no specific quantum-mechanical processes, but it will depend crucially on the quantum-mechanical, and especially the multi-universe, world-picture.
- multiverse
- Consciousness
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b5c Deutsch - Consciousness is clearly intimately related to the growth and representation of knowledge within the brain
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0 You can use ideas both NOW (upside - cognitive offload) and LATER (upside - ideas becoming useful with new interpretation). Ideas ≠ Money.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0.1 You can use money NOW for LATER. Investment is when it's deployed for the benefit of the latter, but often it's spent at the expense of it.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0.2 Money is our time and energy in an abstracted form
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0.3 Time is money means money is time
- Ayache
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0a Knowledge ≠ Money
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a0b Knowledge = Wealth
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6a1 Future self is enough of an audience
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6b When ideas are exposed to various contexts (i.e., different people-place-time) they often find unexpected match. Ideas have timing.
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6b0 We can make almost anything happen (in the way we want) regardless of contextual constraints because we can tweak everything (in piecemeal engineering fashion) by using symbols
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6b1 Ideas and its contexts applied are arbitrary
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b6c Ideas can get better as you recycle and reuse them, unlike most physical things
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b7 Your mind is different from other medium (e.g., paper) because it can transfer ideas to other medium
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b8 Your mind can and does hold ideas like any other medium, but that’s not what the mind is for
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b8a Your mind is not a bucket
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b8b Multitasking can be adapted without any downsides if you conceptualize the mind accordingly
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4b8c When you outsource your thinking, you can reap the benefits of multitasking without any downsides.
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a4c PG - spend 2 weeks on an essay and reread drafts 50 times — you can’t do this in conversation.
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a5 Don’t get obsessed with the failure rate, because what matters is where it’s going and not where it came from
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a5b Your problems precede any conversations
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1a5c When you have your Second Brain, you can have a conversation with it
Jul 18, 2024
4-1b Uncover as much information as possible
Jul 18, 2024
4-1c Great negotiators actively try to reveal hidden assumptions, that is, they look for surprises. They are more than just being ready for them.
Jul 18, 2024
4-1c1 Don’t prematurely zoom in during conversation, because he might not be self-conscious of the real problems
Jul 18, 2024
4-1c2 Don’t trigger defensive responses
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d Tactical empathy identifies the inexplicit and unconscious obstacles
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d0 Look at the whole of conversations, including how things are being said as well as what’s not being said (e.g., taboos)
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d0.1 The Pinocchio Effect - Liars use more words than truth tellers and use far more third-person pronouns
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d0.2 Avoid the anonymous 'we' and 'they,' because they mask personal responsibility
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d1 Capture emotions because that indicate they know what they are talking about
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d2 Most people love talking about themselves
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d3 The most effective communication is to listen
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-1d4 Listening is the most effective way to pay respect, and it's free
Jul 18, 2024
4-1e Emphasize what they’ll miss out on, rather than what they can get
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
4-1e1 Loss aversion - e.g., the prospect of competitor buying you, and having have to acquire you later at higher cost, are the two biggest concerns which motivate potential acquirers
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
4-2 Conversation has to be bottlenecked
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-2a 会話は相手の知的レベルに合わせること
Jul 18, 2024
4-2b Good storytelling is about taking readers to something slightly in advance by using what they already know
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
4-2c 周辺的関心の方が中心的関心よりも活発に働く。脱線話の方が記憶に残る。
- develop
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1 When you are long truth you are long volatility and time
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a Be nice
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a1 You can be as nice as you want as long as you work hard on growth
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a2 Solving problems is a concrete framework of morality
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a3 We don’t derive an ought from an is. Only problems exist. We can just solve them.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a4 Getting rid of your misconceived notions amounts to being nice (or moral)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1a5 Morality might be a subset of physics. The laws of physics might provide the measure for morality, as it were.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b Stay upwind
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a Technology itself should be the kind that begets and benefits from volatility
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1 Improving on already existent technology by removing one of its restraints amounts to innovation
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1a Technology is about how to do things differently. Some technology can be more universal than others, but it can never be perfectly universal.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1b What can be universal is knowledge. But knowledge has to be instantiated by physical medium and this involves technology (e.g., pen and paper).
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1b1 Babbage’s discovery of the universality of computation was innovation via discovery of knowledge (he himself couldn’t build universal computer)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1b1a However, Babbage’s idea was represented by pen and paper, themselves technology
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1b2 Vitalik Buterin generalized the principle of blockchains to outside cryptocurrency, and built Ethereum
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c The relationship between knowledge in the abstract and technology (the physical mediator of such knowledge) is contingent
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c0 There is no universal technology
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c1 The interoperability law - information can be copied from any system that can embody information to any other such system, irrespective of the details (i.e., substrate-independent)
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c2 The interoperability law connects physics and information
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c3 The interoperability law means we can do away with dynamical laws because the former is scale independent
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1c4 The interoperability laws (i.e., substrate-independent formulation of information) are more detailed exposition of the Turing principle
- develop
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1d The reality doesn’t distinguish ‘theoretical’ from ‘practical’
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1e Innovation and science can feed each other. We tend to treat them separately, but both are attempts to solve problems.
- reflexivity
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a1f Edison (practitioner) and Einstein (theoretician) both have a place in reality
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2 Some technology contains knowledge which can be universal. You can’t predict how people will use such technology.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2a Any instantiation of knowledge (meaning every technology and representation) will have its own restraints
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2b Anything physical can’t do away with its own contingency
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c Contingency cannot be exhaustively accounted for, because that amounts to predicting minds and knowledge
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c0 No theory can exhaust reality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c0.1 Perfect replication is impossible
- Ayache
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c0.2 Analogue information (e.g., tones of voice, EQ) cannot be perfectly-exhaustively represented by digital systems (e.g., universal writing systems)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c1 Principles are meta-contingency. Whatever can happen can happen regardless of how.
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2c2 Constructor Theory is all about knowledge of how to correct errors (primarily of our parochiality-physicality) and thus optimism
- ConstructorTheory
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a2d Knowledge is by definition unpredictable
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a3 We are more than technology, because we create knowledge-technology. We are more than functions. Don’t be a function.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a4 We can run multiple billion-dollar functions either sequentially or simultaneously. Or preferably both.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a4a Being hedged in the long-run entails being long optionality
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a5 Our ability to come up with such functions is why we are not mere universal constructors (and why we are worth infinitely more than billion-dollar)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a5a Universal constructor is obedient, whereas universal explainers are disobedient (i.e., creative)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a6 The reality doesn’t care how many things you are good at. What matters is the explanation.
- develop
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a7 Technology’s ‘function’ consists of many parts, and you have to have an explanation for how each contributes to the whole (i.e., ‘vertically-integrated’)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a8 ‘Opportunity cost' and 'comparative advantage' must be rooted in explanations. Never use them as ad hoc criteria.
- MentalModels
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a8a When using probability, we need an explanation for why that probability applies, because knowledge is unpredictable
- multiverse
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a8a1 Prediction ≠ Knowledge (because prediction requires knowledge)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a8b You can use analogy, but you have to explain why the analogy holds
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a8c 決断 ≠ 判断 (the former precedes the latter — why you start out with some end-state of the world you’d like to achieve and live in)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1a9 The Fun Criterion is an explanation
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b You should beget and benefit from volatility (learning)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a Power-law curiosity - be professionally curious about a few topics and idly curious about many more
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a1 Things can become easier the more complexity you have (Network effects = Power-law)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a1.1 The more anomalies you’ve seen, the more easily you’ll detect new ones. Life should become more and more surprising as you grow older. It compounds.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a1a Pareto principle (or law of the vital few) - 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes
- LearnInPublic
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a2 Network effect means compounding
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a2.1 Network effect means scaling increasingly
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a4 Game = Game + Streaming + Virtual Goods
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a5 'Come for the tool, stay for the network' tactic
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a5.1 Blockchain network becomes better as tools are added
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1a6 Corporate networks can play different games from protocol networks because they have way more sources of funding
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b1b Be more than what you are supposed to be. You have to be surprising.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b2 Flow to the most interesting, because the Fun Criterion doesn’t distinguish what’s fun via categories. Fun just means fun.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1b2a If you follow the Fun Criterion, you’ll be good at things
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1c Market should beget and benefit from volatility
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1c1 Pursue market which is convincingly, and surprisingly, large
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1c2 Do market sizing calculations early and often
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b1d Invest in volatility (literally)
- Spitznagel
- Taleb
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b2a The “Doubt-Avoidance Tendency” - people want certainty-predictability-control over accuracy-reality
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b3 How much we can change is also unpredictable
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b3a In particular, we underestimate how much we can change in the future during and after downturns. Things change.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4 Be prepared to deal with short-term nonsenses, but know what you’re focused on in the long-run and stay optimistic
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a Amara’s law - we expect too much in the short-run, but too little in the long-run
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a0 We overestimate the technological impact in the next 10 years, but underestimate the next 20 (and often right about 15 years later)
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a0.1 New is overvalued relative to great
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a0.2 Users will always go where the newest news is
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a1 Don’t be a depressive realist or a blissfully unaware. Be a rational optimist.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4a2 Optimalism ＞ Optimism
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4b Compounding is usually too slow to notice. You have to be deliberate in how you think and what you see.
- MentalModels
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4b0 Evolution is trend
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4b1 Life’s evolution’s superpower is its time horizon. 3.8 billion years of miniscule changes compounded.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4b2 Hanlon's razor applied - See things as results of habits
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c Exponential growth feels flat in the beginning, precisely why it’s worth making an extraordinary effort to get it started. You can also follow the Fun Criterion (the latter likely exhausts the former). Consistency is the key.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c1 When you are ‘self-disciplined’ your unconscious is likely not engaged, and you’re probably not solving any real problems.
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c1a Watch out if you need “self-discipline” — it might indicate that you aren’t solving any of your problems
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c1c Align your short-term reward with your long-term vision
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c2 No wonder why someone who is having fun is genuinely great at what they do. Because you have to have fun to achieve great things.
- Naval
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c3 The definition of fun is arbitrary and contingent depending on the individual. You can be ‘making an effort’ while having fun.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c3a Find work where you like even the parts others find tedious or frightening
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c4 Pay attention to your ‘taboos’ - If there is something you fear unconsciously, you have to face it
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c4a Taboos likely can offer gateways to your unconscious
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c4b To truly have fun, you have to get rid of your own misconceptions
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b4c4c When you have fun proper, it should also be intellectually stimulating
Jul 18, 2024
5-1b5 Keep solving problems including the problem of what problems to solve
Jul 18, 2024
5-2 What counts cannot be counted
Jul 18, 2024
5-2a Check your growth rate of expectations vs circumstances. The former is hard to measure. But remember - you get what you measure.
Jul 18, 2024
5-2a1 You get what you measure
Jul 18, 2024
5-2a2 What gets measured gets managed
Jul 18, 2024
5-2a3 People fight over tangibles
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b Errors of omission are dangerous because you make them by default
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b0 You are what you do repeatedly
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b0a Most errors in judgement happen when we don't know we're supposed to be exercising judgement
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b0b Most books about thinking focus on being more rational when the fundamental problem is not knowing what problems to exercise judgement
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1 Writing out your goals is how you become performance-oriented in life
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1a Your goals reflect your problem-situation, and as such must be criticized
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1a1 Your goals are gateway to your problem-situation, just like your concepts and categories are to your purpose and values
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1a2 When you invert, you are inverting the problem-situation itself (’why do I have this problem’)
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1a2a Simplify the problem, but not too simply
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1a3 Extract the most problematic part of the problem-situation
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b1b Writing down makes it easier for your conscious to see the unconscious
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b2 You can’t flow to the most interesting if you react to everything that comes at you by default
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b2a Use LATER folder, instead of reactively watching-reading-listening, and give them time
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b3 You have to be guessing everything all the time, including your goals themselves because the unconscious is what can’t be explicated yet
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b4 Explanation (explicit or inexplicit) precedes both your options and choices
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b4a You can either decide from existent options, or make a decision (literally in the sense of creation) by creating new explanation
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b4a1 小局における矛盾も大局を鑑みると決して矛盾ではないという可能性
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b4b You have to keep finding surprises
Jul 18, 2024
5-2b5 Theories precede data
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c Be impatient about the things you most want to do
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c1 You perceive yourself by what you do repeatedly, just as you judge others by their routine behaviors.
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c1a 自己シグナリング：人間は、他人を評価するのと同じで、自分で自分の行動を見て、自分の性格を判断している。
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2 Fake stuff usually has a sharp peak of seeming to matter
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2a Prioritize bullshit avoidance over money and prestige. Don't waste your time.
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2a0 Avoiding bullshit takes you far enough. Maybe the extra bit comes from really knowing about yourself.
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2a1 Progressive titles might be there to hide its unprogressive nature
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b The Lindy effect
- develop
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b0 The truer and deeper the idea is, the more likely it will survive criticism, change in society, and withstand unpredictable consequences brought about by itself
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b0.1 Invest in what can't be easily disrupted
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b0.2 You need resilience against volatility (i.e., Stoic robustness)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b0.3 The way you become resistant to volatility is not by being robust or antifragile per se but by being one with the reality
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b1 Focus on the fundamentals, on the deeper ideas closer to abstract knowledge, on what matters, and build yourself (including technology) around it
- develop
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b1a If you want your writing to still be readable on a computer from the 2060s or 2160s, it’s important that your notes can be read on a computer from the 1960s, for your future self
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b2 When you are long bullshit, you are short volatility and time
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2b3 'When you punt something into the future, the future eventually arrives'
Jul 18, 2024
5-2c2c The probability of extinction is effectively independent of its age (Van Valen)
- TheBlackSwan
Jul 18, 2024
5-2d When you are purpose-goal-oriented, you'll be problem-project-oriented, because you will face problems in the process of achieving the former and will break them down into mini-problems
Jul 18, 2024
5-2d1 Procrastinators often follow exactly the wrong tack. They try to minimize their commitments, assuming that if they have only a few things to do, they will quit procrastinating and get them done.
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
5-2d2 You need somewhat grandiose goals to procrastinate structurally - テーマはひとつでは多すぎる
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-3 Don’t fight. Transcend.
Jul 18, 2024
5-3a Knowledge via new explanations is inherently creative and its effects are positive-sum, because it begets new problems to be solved
- develop
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
5-3b Knowledge creates new frontiers (and new markets)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-3c Knowledge is irreversible, and can only go from private to public
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
5-3c1 One of the lessons from the last era of the internet is that if a service needs to be built, it will probably get built — if not as a public good, then as a private good
Jul 18, 2024
5-3c2 BSM formula is technology, and took much longer than expected to catch on publicly
Jul 18, 2024
5-3d Innovation is invention catching on. Innovation itself is technology, and technology is knowledge. Innovation is knowledge becoming public.
Jul 18, 2024
5-3e Matt Ridley - 'Knowledge is both a public good and a temporarily private one. Knowledge is expensive to produce, but can sometimes pay for itself.'
Jul 18, 2024
6-1 Understanding one’s health requires understanding one’s environment, because culture and technology affects both what we do inexplicitly and unconsciously
Jul 18, 2024
6-1a We are outsourcing to capitalist entities who are not aligned with us
Jul 18, 2024
6-2 The cost effectiveness of anything addictive decreases over time. When you engage with them, you will either waste your time or money, very likely both.
Jul 18, 2024
6-2a Addiction lessens one’s ability to experience joy in life.
- Spitznagel
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
6-2b Cut inputs after arousal
Jul 18, 2024
6-3 Our definition of health should also consider the health of mind (e.g., ’clarity of mind’ and ‘neural health’), not just physical health.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
6-3a Ownership is not just about physical-digital asset, but about yourself
Jul 18, 2024
6-3a1 You have to own your own creation. The difference between creator and influencer is the gap of digital property rights.
- own
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
6-3a3 The frontier will be on-chain
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0 When you own something, you can do whatever with it
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0.1 When you own something, you can go anywhere
- own
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0a Ownership means trading
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0b No trading means no ownership; you can't have one without the other
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0c Permissionless blockchains without tokens and token trading are impossible
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0d Users become traders with tokens
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b0e You can trade anything onchain, unlike tradi-fi
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b1 Users become owners with tokens
- own
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b1.1 Collect is the new like
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2 In corporate networks you can only quit
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.1 State network ≈ Corporate network
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.2 Network state ≠ State network
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.3 Dollar is state network for payment
- contingency
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.3a Credit is not money
- develop
- Spitznagel
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.3b Your spending is someone else's income. Spending matters.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.3c When the money is printed, financial assets appreciate
- Spitznagel
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.4 Decentralization is security
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.4a Less volition within nation states leads to negative feedback loops of more coercion
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.4b Politics was (about) social media (2010s) and will be (about) cryptocurrency (2020s)
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.5 India (or any other country-company-community) can act as the tech-media superpower of de-Americanization-dollarization movement
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.5a Community network ＞ State network (e.g., Indian network ＞ Indian state-market)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.5b Indian network (or any other country-company-community network) can provide the civilizational stack to the world
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.6 China is the manufacturing superpower
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2.7 International Intermediate (e.g., Indian network) vs Chinese state (2040s)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2a Interoperability implies compounding
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2b Interoperability implies composability
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2c Composability with ownership means you can permeate across other possibilities
- multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2d Composability is software's version of compounding interest-effect, because composability saving keystrokes implies compounding
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2d1 Don't reinvent the wheel. Copy and paste. Save keystrokes.
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2e Network effects + Feedback loops + Composability = Exponential growth
- MentalModelsSystems
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2f Composability implies compounding
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2g No composability implies fragmentation
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b2h 'Trademarks, patents, and copyrights' - If secrecy were the only protection for ideas, companies wouldn't just have to be secretive with other companies; they'd have to be secretive internally.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3 Don't think corporate network structure (especially its incentives) is the norm
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3.1 There is no necessary incentive (i.e., norm incentives)
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3a Networks with billions of owners are possible
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3b Not differentiating developers from users mean what attracts the former also attracts the latter, and vice versa
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3c Tasks held captive as proprietary in corporate networks become market-based
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3d Externalized incentives (negative externalities) go away when everything is externalized
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3e Everyone benefits in blockchain and protocol networks
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3f Blockchain network ＞ Protocol network ＞ Corporate network
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3f1 Not every crypto network is technical network
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3f2 BTC Maximalists are monotheists and political network
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3g Federated (protocol) networks have a tendency, a fundamental by-product of their architecture, to evolve into corporate networks because network effects ensure that small advantages compound to create big winners
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3g1 Network effects also affect blockchain networks
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b3h Protocol networks could get subsumed by corporate networks
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4 Tokens are the natural asset class to provide a sensible organizational structure for networks
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4a Tokens empower individuals to become stakeholders in networks, not just participants
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4b Users become marketers with tokens
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4c Building true communities is the best way to go viral
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4d Community first, monetization later; morality first, money second; missionary over mercenary
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b4e Community and monetization can also be realized at the same time
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b5 Tokens encapsulate complicated code (primarily, ownership) into an uncomplicated wrapper
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b6 Digital-native ownership can address ambiguities of physical ones
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b7 NFT = A digital twin of the physical object
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3b8 You can't really influence legacy-analog-land from frontier-digital-cloud, nor should you.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3c When you are invested, you'll try to own it
- own
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-3d Be very specific about problems and divide a project clear cut so it doesn't become bleak, like shared common room.
Jul 18, 2024
6-3z A world without ownership is a world with less creativity and human flourishing
- own
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-4 Proper epistemology should lead to a proper state of mind
Jul 18, 2024
6-5 Sit less
Jul 18, 2024
6-6 Once you hit 25, your aerobic capacity decreases 10% per decade (or 1% per year)
Jul 18, 2024
6-7 Brain and gut works reflexively
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-7a You are what you consume (eat)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
6-7b Nutrition doesn’t exist independently from the patient
Jul 18, 2024
7-1 Create what people want or will want
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1 You can only solve your own problems. You incidentally help others by solving THAT.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1a Don't solve imaginary problems
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1a1 Imaginary problems lead to ‘investment’ and ‘work’ - don't indulge with them
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1a2 Solve your own problems. Otherwise you'll lose time and money without self-indulgence alarms going off.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1a3 If you know that others can solve certain problems, let them. Only work on important problems worth focusing on.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1b Theoretical physics has that universal applicability because the laws of physics apply to all things physical
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a1c The problem-situation is more rigid in scientific discourse, compared to elsewhere
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2 You can also make their problem as your problem by using growth as a guidance.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a You will be solving universal problems by attending to local-parochial problems first
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a0 The definition of 'local' doesn't imply physical-geographical proximity due to the existence of internet
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a1 絶対に勝てるところから勝っていく
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a2 Get ahead in the short-run, then in the long-run
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a3 Win at the corner then come back (傾く・バロック)
- contingency
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2a4 バロックの本質は逸脱
- Ayache
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2b For startups, growth is a constraint much like truth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2c Startup = Growth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a2d Optimizing for growth can lead to discovering startup ideas. It’s a form of evolutionary pressure.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a3 You’ll act when you target growth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a4 Optimizing for growth can lead to discovering startup ideas
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a4a Growth in revenue and in user base are not the same thing.
- incentives
- unseen
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a4a1 Wealth created ≠ the P&L of a business. Remember - you get what you measure.
- develop
- ConstructorTheory
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a4b Understanding the measurement-constraints amounts to understanding the system-incentives. That is, creating explanations.
- incentives
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a4c Different institutions have different motivations-incentives
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5 Startups work on technology because great ideas made viable by newest tech (itself a new technology) is the best source of rapid change and growth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5a Finding some distribution arbitrage in your time and place is also a great source for growth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5a1 Find an inexpensive custom acquisition channel and pile up users through an underpriced angles others haven't realized yet.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5b Ask which problem-situation is the most problematic one (conscious, inexplicit, unconscious, future, new)
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5b1 Optimizing for growth should provide some insights about the problem-situation
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5c Engineers address the problem itself, and sales people help making that problem everyone’s problem NOW
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a5c1 Engineer + Influencer = Company OR Country
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a6 Great combination is being good at technology and knowing the problems that can be solved by it
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a6a Successful founders see different problems
Jul 18, 2024
7-1a6b Successful founders apply new technology to solve problems at edge cases
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b The problem and its solution doesn’t have to be addressed by the same individual
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b0 The creator-user (or producer-consumer) distinction is arbitrary. There are no 'producers' and 'consumers' in the non-human world.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b0a The producer-consumer distinction is blurred in non-profit organizations and open source projects. Likely why their diffusions are slow.
- develop
- LearnInPublic
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b1 You can solve problems others are conscious of
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b1a A crowded market is actually a good sign, because it means both that there's demand and that none of the existing solutions are good enough
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b2 You can solve problems others have inexplicitly or unconsciously
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b2a Arbitrage what’s been said vs what’s been bought
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b2a1 We seem more willing to spend money on good fruit jam than on good software
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b2b1 The best is seeing the front by yourself, because inexplicit and unconscious ideas exist between heads not within them
- TheMomTest
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b2c You can create problems then offer solutions simultaneously
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b3 You can solve problems others will have but don’t have yet
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b3a Don’t argue. Build. Their incomprehension is your moat.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b3b Outside-in tech vs Inside-out tech
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b3c Some technologies will be structurally overlooked by corporate networks. Barriers to entry doesn't necessarily correlate to its importance.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b3d New stars rise along with the new platform
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4 You can solve problems that just became solvable
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4a Start with technology. Technology is knowledge. Use them as objective constraints.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b You can let the tech decide what are the problems to be solved. Otherwise, it will decide by itself. It's about possibility and not about should.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b0 Tech does what culture does to you. You see what could've been based on the tech you know.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b1 Technical truth ≠ Political truth
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b2 Andy Grove - 'Technology happens. It's not good, it's not bad.'
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b3 When you dump oscillations, you dump low end as well as high end
- LearnInPublic
- volatility
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b4 It’s better to take the risk of telling others about your ideas than to hide them
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b4a Let knowledge permeate, and don’t force your constraints on them
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b4b Permeate both across other possibilities in this universe and across multiversal timelines
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b4c Public Networked Learner must use composability with ownership and compounding to its advantage
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4b5 Any kind of expertise is valuable, and some people will take unexpected action to capture that value such that it will be serendipitous to you
- LearnInPublic
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4f Let the tech decide where to go (both intellectually and physically)
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b4g Intellectual and physical can merge in the digital
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b5 You can solve problems that just got created
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b5a You can create problems. Not in the sense of causing problems, but literally creatively creating them. There are good problems and bad problems. Work on and solve good problems.
- BorrowedCreativity
Jul 18, 2024
7-1b6 There are only problems to be solved. Types of problems are arbitrary, because one type can be easily morphed into another.
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
7-1c You are not committed to any specific problem. You are committed to figuring out something no one knew before. You are committed to the unpredictable.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1c1 Intuition about which hill to climb is usually better than people realize
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d Create something simpler-faster-cheaper for things we’ve been doing for thousands of years
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d0 People who find ways to drive down the costs and simplify the product made the biggest difference (Ford)
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1 Apply the newest technology to the oldest problems. The best source of arbitrage is between the newest tech papers and the oldest books.
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1a You can also arbitrage the technology itself
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1b Look for technology which haven’t gotten a lot of press yet because it’s really new from labs, or because people assume it’s “dead” although doesn’t explain why
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1c You can be at the edge of the newest technology
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1d You can use technology people assume is “dead”
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d1e You can use technology from one field to another
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2 Technology changes the problem-situation, and determines which ideas are possible and obsolete
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a The relation between technology and the problem-situation (i.e., culture and mind) is reflexive
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a1 Network-era businesses today have new organizational needs
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a2 Founders must be legitimate and competent. Pay attention to the selection mechanism, and be aware if otherwise.
- history
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a3 No LLCs meant only close-knit partnerships with trust were available
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a4 Tech innovation can (and did) drive pragmatic changes in regulation
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2a5 Tech shapes tech
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2b Centralized tech ⇒ Mass media (via mass production) ⇒ Homogenized societal experiences ⇒ Communism, Nazism, Democratic Capitalism
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2b1 Both good (’the Golden 50s’ in the U.S.) and bad (Nazism and Communism) culture-mind were made easier by homogenized societal experiences with centralized technology
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d2c Decentralized tech ⇒ . . .
Jul 18, 2024
7-1d3 The most valuable advantage in business is technical one
Jul 18, 2024
7-1e We ask ‘what is the rich doing’ because they are the ones who have the resource to experiment with to find ways to cheapen the means of production
- develop
- MentalModels
Jul 18, 2024
7-2 Long optionality, volatility, change
Jul 18, 2024
7-2a Be opportunistic and flexible globally rather than inverting locally and prematurely optimized
Jul 18, 2024
7-2b The more of a noob you are locally, the less of a noob you are globally
- develop
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
8-1 The frontier
Jul 18, 2024
8-1a What can go digital will go digital
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1a1 We are digitizing more than ever
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b Look for places where we’ve taken an offline experience and put it online (physical ⇒ intermediate) but haven’t fundamentally innovated yet (⇒ internet-native)
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b1 Physical (offline) can exist as printouts of digital (online)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b2 Digital-physical is entwined
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b2a Most automation (and probably disruption as well) happens indirectly
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3 The software can control the hardware
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3a A blockchain takes the code seriously
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3b When software is in charge, designers can take full advantage of the expressivity of software
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3b1 Any system that can be written down can be realized
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3b2 There are infinite more things to experiment on-chain (and off-chain) just as there are infinite things to write about
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3c Software is a highly plastic flexible medium and almost any economic model that can be dreamed up can be implemented in software
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3d Monetary policies can come first and the currency circulation can come later (or symbiotically-simultaneously), not vice versa (i.e., bottom-up vs top-down)
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3e Software will be at the intersection between ideological and economical
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3f A blockchain economy must balance the supply ('faucets') and demand ('sinks') of native tokens to fuel sustainable growth
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3f1 You can value tokens using traditional financial metrics (e.g., PE ratio) by studying the cash flows and burn rates of blockchain networks
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3g Poor faucets-sinks design can lead to the problem of 'only the rich can deploy'
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3h A broad distribution of tokens can mitigate the risk of plutocracy
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b3i Token rewards should taper off as the network grows
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b4 Blockchains are new kind of computer
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b4a The meaning of the word 'computer' shifts
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1b4b Blockchains = Full-fledged computers
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c Look for inherently digital-native areas and concepts
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c1 Potential scenario - Digital frontend + Human backend ⇒ Digital frontend + Digital backend
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c2 Robotics then software (likely in that order, although not necessarily) will replace Uber, Amazon, Doordash
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3 Investing may become the most common job for the 21st century with more automation
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3a Internet turned everyone into publisher. Crypto can turn everyone into investor.
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3a0 99% investing (learning) and 1% building might become the norm
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3a1 Internet vs Telecom will recur in Crypto vs Financial Services
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3b Farming became the most common job during the 19th century
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c3c Manufacturing became the most common job during the 20th century
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4 ‘Killer application’ is knowledge-technology-universality that begets reflexivity between app-platform-people by pushing people over the threshold
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4a Smartphones skyrocketed online screen time
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4a1 iPhone and texting (along with visual voicemail) boosted each other
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4a2 Twitter’s 140-character limit was useful constraint
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4a3 Focused vision heightens alertness — bigger screen doesn’t always translate to more focus
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4b Popular magazines boosted and was boosted by literacy
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4c TV boosted and was boosted by short stories
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d Web boosted and was boosted by essays
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d1 Web3 writing differs particularly from Web2 writing, because of the incentive structure
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d1a Writing pre-internet era was mostly about English literature
- history
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d1a1 The culture (or ‘gestalt’) dictates what’s been written as well as what’s not been written
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d1a2 People only pay attention to certain parts of music, art, building, product, photo etc.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d2 Web2 writing is enmeshed in Web2 incentive structure
- incentives
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d3 Blockchain and Web3 writing can boost each other
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d4 There are infinitely more things to be written as there are infinitely more ways to write them
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d5 We need mechanisms to realign technology-media-society (or technology-media-individual)
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d5a This is a specific case where we need the knowledge-technology-universality to push app-platform-people over the threshold
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d5b There are many ways by which apps, platforms, and people can interact reflexively
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4d5c Don’t be constrained by the definition of ‘apps’, ‘platforms’, and ‘people’ — because they are arbitrary (e.g., platform can be build on top of platform, apps when combined can turn into platform, etc)
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c4e What blockchains can do
Jul 18, 2024
8-1c5 Look for Lollapalooza, or system equivalent of critical mass, or chemical equivalent of activation energy, alloying, and catalysts
Jul 18, 2024
8-1d Look for inherently crypto-native areas and concepts
Jul 18, 2024
8-1e You have to go beyond skeuomorphism. Native means novelty.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2 Blockchains-Crypto
Jul 18, 2024
8-2a Do not overestimate the robustness of legacy institutions. Crypto is more than just an asset class due to its programmability, permissionless-ness, and peer-to-peer architecture.
Jul 18, 2024
8-2a1 Crypto can decide which assets become obsolete and possible
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b Crypto will disrupt everything because it can change how organizations are formed, monetized, and exited. It could take decades to play out.
- incentives
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b1 Web3 ecosystem is built on the assumption that we cannot trust anyone
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2 The most efficient business is one with trust, or one completely without
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2.1 Blockchain technologies allow composable forms of trust. Trust can be digitized.
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2a 'Technologies that change society are technologies that change interactions between people'
- develop
- reflexivity
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2b Key moment is when people (e.g., devs) don't have to worry about the infrastructure (e.g., platform risks including high take rates)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2b1 Low take rates have a multiplier effect
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2b2 Take rates + Token incentives = Economic equation for blockchain networks
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2c The iPhone (or the blockchain) moment
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2d Value shifts to adjacent layers
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b2e Humans really care about other humans
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b3 On-chain gets you immutability, verifiability, monetization. Just as online gets you distribution-sharing-collaboration.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2b4 You don't (and can't) put everything on-chain, just as you don't (and can't) put everything online
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2c Crypto = Money + Computer (Crypto is programmable money)
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d Network states (digital) can probably address the problem nation states (analog) inherently possess
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d1 People gather for an ideology on new media, instead of geographical constraints (e.g., local newspapers)
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d1b Forwardable insights can lead to network effects
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d2 In digital world, you can be in multiple nations (or equivalents) at the same time
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d2a You can’t be a multiple in analog world
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d3 You can vote with ballot, wallet, or foot (physical & digital)
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d3a The diaspora can be (and IS) the state
Jul 18, 2024
8-2d4 You can vote with time
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-3 Robotics
Jul 18, 2024
8-3a Robotics will be the new demographics
Jul 18, 2024
8-4 LLMs
Jul 18, 2024
8-4a Multi-modality means transferability (着せ替え・持ち替え・言い換え)
Jul 18, 2024
8-4a1 Multi-modal transferability means software will be built differently
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-4b A context window can reach billions
Jul 18, 2024
8-4b1 There will be AI-first applications
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
8-4b2 What can be done by AIs will be done by AIs
Jul 18, 2024
8-4b3 AI could one-box the entire internet
Jul 18, 2024
8-5 VR-AR
Jul 18, 2024
9-1 Be truthful
Jul 18, 2024
9-1a You don’t have to be convincing per se, because convincing and true will become identical
Jul 18, 2024
9-1a1 People who converge upon the truth converge with each other
Jul 18, 2024
9-1a2 Most fairly good ideas are adjacent to even better ones
Jul 18, 2024
9-1a3 The maxima in the space of startup ideas are not spiky and isolated.
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b You can’t really transfer your knowledge to others, because each knowledge has to be created individually
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b0 Knowledge (both explicit and inexplicit) is created individually. You don’t say “I took it from him.” You can’t blame “he took it from me.”
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b0a When you have learned something, the way it exists in your mind is the same as the way it exists in the mind of the inventor
- BorrowedCreativity
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b0b 'If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.'
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b0c Reality doesn't differentiate reading-thinking-writing-playing-doing-investing-building
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b0d Reality doesn't differentiate investing from solo-funding, crowdfunding, referring, donating, and sending money. It's just paying.
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b1 Ideas are never replicated fully because each individual has different problem-situation. Meme variation (and mutation) is inevitable.
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b2 Inevitable meme variation is another reason why it's impossible to predict how people will use your work and ideas
- develop
- symbols
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b2a Technology can be invented via individuals as well as via groups of people, but both can’t do away with their own constraints (i.e., their contingency)
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-1b2b Technology, knowledge, and people constitute symbols (including relations, because relations are also symbols)
- develop
- symbols
Jul 18, 2024
9-1c When you take Popperian epistemology seriously, you take people (including children) seriously
Jul 18, 2024
9-1c1 Your partners and friends have to sign up for your explanation
Jul 18, 2024
9-1c2 You can only hope that people you care about will somewhat understand your explanations, but they will never understand you exhaustively
Jul 18, 2024
9-1c3 This applies to 'children' because 'children' is a social construct
Jul 18, 2024
9-1d Because ‘education’ can only happen within one’s self, what we need is more books and not ‘teachers’
Jul 18, 2024
9-1d1 Because minds never hold precisely the same idea (the same configuration of ideas), “having everyone on the same page” (syncing) is epistemological impossibility
Jul 18, 2024
9-1d2 If you love books, become one. Teachers in the traditional sense of the word will be replaced by them. But never expect to be read uniformly.
Jul 18, 2024
9-1d2a Defending yourself (online) makes sense only if you assume the bucket theory of mind
Jul 18, 2024
9-1d2b Dismissing some people as irrational presupposes the bucket theory of mind. Everyone’s mind is active. Do not assume you can ‘transfer’ your knowledge to others.
Jul 18, 2024
9-2 Everything is sales
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a It’s easy to convince if people don’t know you enough for what you are not
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a1 It doesn’t matter where you came from (or where you are); what matters is what you can do and where you are going
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a1.1 Idea is direction. Execution is speed.
- MentalModelsPhysicsAndChem
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a1a キャラ (物語思考) ≠ キャリア (「自己分析」) — Don’t obsessed with where it came from, think about where it’s going)
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a2 You have to figure out where you are going by living abductively via surprises
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a3 Be long volatility with people
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a3a Pick up the biggest upside potential
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a3b Don’t pick up anything which has certain downside. Avoid bullshit.
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a3b1 Don’t pick up anything whose epistemology is not Popperian
Jul 18, 2024
9-2a4 Specifically, be long volatility with people’s ability to create new knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b It’s not just about what you say or what yo do, but also about how you say it and how you present it
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b0 Low voice midnight FM MC voice resonates better
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b1 情報媒体が情報自体よりも情報力を持つこともある
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b1.1 形式の内容化もありうる (形式＞内容)
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b1.3 UI (and UX) matters
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b1.4 Where you put your writing on can affect how you write
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b2 There is no objective hierarchy amongst knowledge; only cultural-subjective hierarchy exists because we are cultural being (知識・情報そのものに優劣はない)
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3 いわゆる「知識」は合理科学が浸透したコミュニティにのみあてはまる・「世界はひとつ」ではない
- Universality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3a There is no universal culture, because culture is contingency (文化 = 上澄み)
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3b Universal culture is meaningless
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3c We are more different than we are alike
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3c1 Everett on Joseph Campbell's 'Monomyth' (innate content) - A tendency to think in generic terms of people and races is undoubtedly the profoundest flaw in mythological thinking. You could shape any myths into a monomyth if you so wished.
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3c2 Everett on Chomsky - UG (that humans are born with a tacit knowledge of many intricate details of grammar) and the idea that the linguistics capacity were identical and innate in all humans are 'monogrammar' similar to 'monomyth'
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3d Everett on George Berkeley's critique of the very notions of abstraction and generalization - There is no mind of any kind, only bodies and the world in which they move
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e Everett on John Locke - His tabula rasa didn’t mean there were no innate abilities, but that there were no innate specific concepts (innate capacities ≠ innate knowledge)
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e1 Our ideas are acquired by living and thinking
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e2 There is no universal symbol-idea (in the sense of capable of conveying universal meaning)
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e3 There is no universal knowledge
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e3.1 Maybe there is no abstract universality, just less locality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3e4 Specific knowledge ≠ Universality
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3f Everett on Hume - Ideas only make sense or exist through experience
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3g Edward Sapir - 'The particular and the variable, rather than the universal or invariable, are where the intellectual gold is to be mined.'
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b3h Edward Sapir - 'One is always unconsciously finding what one is in unconscious subjection to'
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b4 More applicability (i.e., universality) per se doesn't necessarily mean it's for the better
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b5 Universality per se is never enough
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b5.1 Contingency ＞ Universality
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b6 Infinity per se is never enough
Jul 18, 2024
9-2b7 Universality means there are infinite possibilities, but you can only pick few
Jul 18, 2024
9-2c Mark Twain - “Humor is a way to show you’re smart without bragging.”
Jul 18, 2024
9-3 Increase surface area of luck
Jul 18, 2024
9-4 Why write
Jul 18, 2024
9-4a Writing is fighting, and good writing can fuel technological progress
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b Writing generates ideas
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b1 Writing is abduction repeated
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b1a Abductions are historic events. Real writing is history being written.
- Ayache
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2 Writing is creative destructions happening on paper
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a Writing is THE evolution. It’s more fast-universal-explicit in contrast to the evolution of genes.
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1 Most of the evolution happened inside human brains
- develop
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1a Brains mimic the evolution of life, both generally and literally
- TheTuringPrinciple
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1b Build the Idea Maze - Explain the history around an idea, and why yours is a good one. Virtually render the history of the evolution of that idea.
- TheTuringPrinciple
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1c The moment you write about any societal problem in depth you'll find yourself writing a history of that problem
- develop
- Ayache
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d A group of people who doesn't know who they are and where they came from won't make it to the moon or Mars
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d0 情報には文脈がある = 情報文化は区切りでできている (digit) = 情報における分節の重要性
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d0.1 Digitization (articulation) is a play with contingency (i.e., 'could have been'-s)
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d0.2 人間は句読点を打った動物
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d1 歴史の中にひそむあらかじめスクリプトされたものを読みとることで時代の現在を生きる
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d2 Don't bee too technical but also don't be too ambitious. Look from both technical and historical perspectives.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1d3 Technologists and background technologies interact reflexively
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1e Be the outsider - 外部性・外来性を重視すること
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a1f Two-way debate benefits from criticism
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2a2 Memes can be transmitted from anyone to anyone
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2b1 We are free because we can create knowledge, and knowledge is unpredictable
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2b1a We are free insofar as we can create knowledge
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2b2 We are also free because we are in the multiverse
- multiverse
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2c You can host multiple memes both consequentially or simultaneously during your lifetime. A gene in contrast can be hosted only once per life-cycle.
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2d The evolution of ideas is defined by ‘jumps’ via creative mutations
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2d1 Explanatory knowledge creation ≠ Biological knowledge (the former, specifically scientific knowledge, is more composable, and thus more universal)
- develop
- symbols
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2e A mind can create ideas which have never existed before
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b2f The most important source of variation in explanatory theories is creativity. More ‘jumps’ via creativity allows qualitatively different types of ‘mutations’.
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3 Writing is acting
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3a Write a bad version 1.0 as fast as you can
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3b We get closer to the objective knowledge by correcting one's own errors
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3b1 Popper - 'We let our ideas die in our place' (another difference between memes vs genes)
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3c Your epistemology has to be digital, that is, error-correctable
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3d Experience can only provide you with parochial problems, but its solution often consists of some universality which can be applied elsewhere
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e Communicate effectively
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e1 Concise explanations accelerate. It helps others understand you better and faster at all scales.
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e2 Concise explanations make it easier to criticize and combine ideas
- LearnInPublic
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3 The easier something is to read, the more deeply readers will engage with your ideas. Keep the friction low.
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3a Interfaces should follow the principle of least astonishment
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3b Emphasize ease of use over perfection. Embrace iterative minimalism.
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3c Make CTAs (call-to-action) clear
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3d リトライの操作を迅速にすること・させること
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e3f The Two-Minute Rule - 'When you start a new habit, it should take less than two minutes to do'
Jul 18, 2024
9-4b3e4 Write each sentence like you are talking to a friend
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4c Someone who never writes has no fully formed ideas about anything nontrivial
Jul 18, 2024
9-4c2 'Programs should be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute.' 'Design to express algorithms, and only incidentally tell machines how to execute them.'
Jul 18, 2024
9-4d A good essay = importance (do I want it) + novelty (did you think about it a lot) + correctness + strength
Jul 18, 2024
9-4d1 Communicate in the headline, then in the subtitle, then slightly differently in the opening sentence, and expand on it in the opening paragraph
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e If you are a writer and have an audience, it’ll become much easier to market your product, because you already know what they’re interested in
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e1 If they are already paying for your writing, all the better, because that would lower their hurdles to pay for your product
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2 Full-stack writers write articles and build things (e.g., software, hardware, movies)
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2a Open source + Crowdfunding + 3D printer + App stores = A golden age of builders
- categories
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2b SaaS first ⇒ code second ⇒ hire last
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2c Figure out what's really worth automating-delegating first, before automating-delegating anything
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2d Idea (1min) ⇒ Mockup (1d+) ⇒ Prototype (7d+) ⇒ Program (2-4w) ⇒ Product (3-6m) ⇒ Business (6-12m) ⇒ Profits (1y+)
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2e There are much lower-risk ways to make money than a start up
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2e1 Startup = Open Source Project = Crypto Protocol = Non-Profit = Individual Tinkering
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
9-4e2f The low initial cost of starting a startup ⇒ Investors need founders more than founders need investors
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
9-4f Product is merit and distribution is connection
Jul 18, 2024
9-5 How to write
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - A restaurant can afford to serve the occasional burnt dinners. In tech, you cook one thing and that’s what everyone eats.
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - Don’t write the essay readers expect - one learns nothing from what one expects - be surprising.
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - It took Darwin a book to explain his theory but now it can be summarized into a paragraph
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - John Steinbeck - “Ideas are like rabbits. You get a couple and learn how to handle them, and pretty soon you have a dozen.”
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - People don’t want better, they want less crap
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - People hide their flaws
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - Piraha doesn’t differentiate the future and the past
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - Piraha doesn’t differentiate ‘reality’ and ‘dream’
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - Recombination is 1,000x more effective than random mutation
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - The Batman Effect - the placebo effect of alter ego works, because memes can beat genes
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - There are things insiders can’t say precisely because they’re insiders
Jul 18, 2024
AN3C - There is no way a training could prepare a man for combat
Jul 18, 2024
Any system that encourages top-down organizations to get too big and do evil is evil
Jul 18, 2024
Costly speech means only the wealthy speak freely
Jul 18, 2024
Dogecoin demonstrates the power of tokens absent confounding factors
Jul 18, 2024
Don't get started
Jul 18, 2024
Double slit experiment with and without an observer are different experiments
Jul 18, 2024
Explanation has to be non-formalizable, but they are nonetheless conjectured and created by physical processes
Jul 18, 2024
Jeff Bezos - 'When the anecdotes and the data disagree, the anecdotes are usually right.'
Jul 18, 2024
Jensen Huang - from retrieval only to retrieval plus generation
Jul 18, 2024
John Steinbeck - 'Ideas are like rabbits. You get a couple and learn how to handle them, and pretty soon you have a dozen.'
Jul 18, 2024
Know what to measure. Google Analytics is provided by Google. Know their incentives.
Jul 18, 2024
Memes are subject to conscious variation and selection, and can be rejected intentionally, whereas genes are random and can’t be rejected.
Jul 18, 2024
Not every top-downs are inherently evil
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Anything fundamental changed vs superficial-uncontrollable metrics
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Are they timeless and universal (if yes, things are likely to be uncorrelated)
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Ask “am I working on what I most want to work on” because per-project procrastination is far worse than daily procrastination
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Ask “what is his historic event that makes him think that way”
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Don’t aim for the average — Ask 'What is rich doing' 'What are nerds doing'
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - How to get ahead of 95% of writers - write your first draft, then ask for each sentence “Is this the way I’d say this if I were talking to a friend”
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - If you were going to take a break from 'serious' work to work on something just because it would be really interesting, what would you do
- categories
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Is this long vol, or short vol
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Story and anecdote capture what cannot be captured rationally, and humans are irrational. What is your story and anecdote that you often refer back to.
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - The modern theory of evolution based question — what replicating strategies did this meme use to get here
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What are people in your field religious about, in the sense of being too attached to some principle that might not be as self-evident as they think. What becomes possible if you discard it.
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What are the best returns I can sustain for the longest period of time
- FutureSelf
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What platforms are there. What makes people get on new platforms. What else can be deployed on that platform. (E.g., Crypto wallets and AR glasses)
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What's your company's billion-dollar function
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What’s the best thing you could be working on, and why aren’t you
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - What’s the correct very-long-term solution; How do I solve this using and committing the minimum amount of time possible; Does this really matter (almost always, no)
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Who has the right answer but I ignore because they’re inarticulate. Who do I listen to who is in essence just good marketing.
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Who owns them
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
QUE5 - Will I care about this a year from now, 10 years, 80 years
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - (1) Don’t ignore your dreams; (2) Don’t work too much; (3) Say what you think; (4) Cultivate friendships; (5) Be happy.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Any system should be measured by how much it can help with whatever its output.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Ask 'what would it look like if it were easy and fun'
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Ask at night how what you’ve learned that day fits into your web of ideas, and search for overlaps and contradictions. Most people do not do this.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Avoid premature optimization
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Bounded commitment - choose one best thing available, commit for predetermined time period, then revisit. Similar to balancing depth-first vs breadth-first in search algorithms. Think of your time as quantifiable resource like capital.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Create something, or become someone, that is hard to duplicate ('Barriers to entry')
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Don’t sell anything you wouldn’t buy yourself. Don’t work for anyone you don’t respect and admire. Work only with people you enjoy.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Flow interesting. Interesting means surprise.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Growth rate - +5~7% a week is good; +10% is exceptionally well; +1% you haven’t figured out what you’re doing
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Invert, always invert
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - It’s useful to ask why about things that seem wrong, and especially ones that seem wrong but somehow funny.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Let delight pull you instead of making a to-do list push you
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Live in the future and build what seems interesting
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Make a conscious effort to avoid addictions. Ask “is this how I want to be spending my time”
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Only say yes when both your heart and head says so
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Pay attention to what you’re not supposed to, what you can’t say. ‘Inappropriate’ things. It’s usually a good start for things grandiose.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Simplify the problem by deciding the “no-brainer” questions first
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - The transparency principle - make your decision-making process as visible and open to scrutiny as possible
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - When automating, make sure the initial constraints and requirements are not stupid-dumb-bullshit.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Write down what surprise you
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - Write out your goals. It’s amazing how few people do.
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 - “Always produce” is a good heuristic for finding the work you love
Jul 18, 2024
RUL3 Look for an ongoing trade of knowledge. Can I learn from him. Can I teach him something.
Jul 18, 2024
Symbol = culturally agreed upon form + culturally developed meaning. The core of language is the symbol. Social values-knowledge-structures ⇒ Symbol.
Jul 18, 2024
Symbols ⇒ Languages (both are agreement, i.e., an arbitrary linkage between a form and a meaning)
Jul 18, 2024
The most important sort of disobedience is to write essays at all
Jul 18, 2024
The world is becoming ever more transparent and unpredictable. You have to be nice, but you can’t be nice to everybody all the time unless you really are nice to begin with.
Jul 18, 2024
To be universal, protocols must be unopinionated
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
Truly open means no intermediary
Jul 18, 2024
Tychism - Peirce’s sub-theory on chance as fundamental to the Universe, which anticipates the quantum physics
Jul 18, 2024
We do not yet understand the nature of the universality of the DNA replication system
Jul 18, 2024
What can be measured can be copied, and vice versa
- TheTuringPrinciple
- develop
Jul 18, 2024
Your spending is someone else's income
Jul 18, 2024
ロスは速攻切る。勝ちポジションは徐々に積み上げていく。損益に対して生じる非対称な行動心理を予め計算に入れておくこと。
Jul 18, 2024
技術が99% - メンタルも技術
Jul 18, 2024
株価は時間軸と水準値の間でしか動かない。期待値と確率は違う。峻別すること。つまり、ペイオフについて考えること。
Jul 18, 2024
聴覚機能の進化によって知覚できる音および言語は制限される
Jul 18, 2024
観測は光を当てないとできない

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