13-1a3 All action involves exchange across the multiverse

“All action involves exchange—an exchange of one state of affairs, X, for Y, which the actor anticipates will be a more satisfactory one (and therefore higher on his value scale).”

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• 13-1a3a There must always be room for improvement in his value scale—otherwise action would disappear
• 13-1a3.1 The concept of cost must evoke the multiverse
• 13-1a4 The value of a unit of a convertible factor is set by the value of its marginal product when all its uses are taken into consideration